Veratrum californicum is a rich source of steroidal alkaloids such as cyclopamine, a known inhibitor of the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway. Here we provide a detailed analysis of the alkaloid composition of V. californicum by plant part through quantitative analysis of cyclopamine, veratramine, muldamine and isorubijervine in the leaf, stem and root/rhizome of the plant. To determine whether additional alkaloids in the extracts contribute to Hh signaling inhibition, the concentrations of these four alkaloids present in extracts were replicated using commercially available standards, followed by comparison of extracts to alkaloid standard mixtures for inhibition of Hh signaling using Shh-Light II cells. Alkaloid combinations enhanced Hh signaling pathway antagonism compared to cyclopamine alone, and significant differences were observed in the Hh pathway inhibition between the stem and root/rhizome extracts and their corresponding alkaloid standard mixtures, indicating that additional alkaloids present in these extracts are capable of inhibiting Hh signaling.
Veratrum californicum, commonly referred to as corn lily or Californian false hellebore, grows in high mountain meadows and produces the steroidal alkaloid cyclopamine, a potent inhibitor of the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway. The Hh pathway is a crucial regulator of many fundamental processes during vertebrate embryonic development. However, constitutive activation of the Hh pathway contributes to the progression of various cancers. In the present study, a direct correlation was made between the extraction efficiency for cyclopamine from root and rhizome by eight methods, and the associated biological activity in Shh-Light II cells using the Dual-Glo® Luciferase Assay System. Alkaloid recovery ranged from 0.39-8.03 mg/g, with ethanol soak being determined to be the superior method for obtaining biologically active cyclopamine. Acidic ethanol and supercritical extractions yielded degraded or contaminated cyclopamine with lower antagonistic activity towards Hh signaling.
En este artículo se analiza la importancia de la harina de yuca en el proceso de colonización del estado de Maranhão y Grão-Pará. Comida típica de los pueblos nativos de la región, la harina se convirtió en parte del menú europeo, lo que representa uno de los intercambios culturales más signi cativos entre las diferentes civilizaciones a lo largo de la expansión marítima de la Edad Moderna. El objetivo del trabajo es tratar de identi car los elementos que han contribuido a la apropiación y, en cierta medida, a la dependencia de los colonizadores portugueses de la harina de yuca.Palabras clave: harina, trabajo indígena, yuca. R ESUMOEste artigo aborda a importância que a farinha de mandioca teve no processo de colonização do estado do Maranhão e Grão-Pará. Alimento típico dos povos nativos da região, a farinha passou a fazer parte do cardápio europeu, representando uma das mais signi cativas trocas culturais entre diferentes civilizações ao longo da expansão maríti-ma, na idade moderna. Procura-se, portanto, identi car os elementos que contribuíram para a apropriação e, até certo ponto, para a dependência do colonizador português em relação à farinha de mandioca.Palavras-chave: farinha, mandioca, trabalho indígena.A BSTRACT is article discusses the importance of Cassava Flour in the process of colonization of the state of Maranhão and Grão-Pará. Typical food of the native people of the region, our became part of the European menu, representing one of the most signi cant cultural exchanges between di erent civilizations along the maritime expansion in the
Resumo: A alimentação, embora, muitas vezes ignorada nas análises de determinados contextos históricos, é de suma importância para uma melhor compreensão de certos processos. Muitas vezes foi a alimentação, fator decisivo para o sucesso ou fracasso de empreendimentos realizados por um governo. No período colonial, no estado do Grão-Pará e Maranhão, foi a farinha de mandioca, o principal alimento com que contavam os colonizadores, no entanto, o aumento da dependência dos colonos por este gênero, passou a ser alvo das críticas do missionário jesuíta João Daniel, que mesmo reconhecendo o importante papel desempenhado pela farinha, afirmava ser essa cultura portadora de várias "inconveniências" que obstaculizavam o progresso do "Amazonas", aconselhando a implantação de outras culturas, ao seu ver, mais apropriadas para a região como o milho, trigo e arroz.Palavras-chave: Farinha, João Daniel, Mandioca. Abstract:Although the feeding often ignored in the analyses of specific historical contexts is pretty importante for a better understanding of certain processes. It was the feedind a decisive factor for the success of failure of enterprise carried out by Government. In the colony time, in the State of Grão-Pará and Maranhão, it was the cassava flour the main food which the settlers counted. However, the increasing dependence of the settlers for this genre became a target of João Daniel missionary jesuist that even recognizing the role played by this main meal was sure to be this culture the beholder of several "inconveniences" which blocked the "Amazonas" process the plantation of other crops much more suited to his point of view to that region, such as corn, wheat and rice.
Veratrum californicum is a rich source of steroidal alkaloids such as cyclopamine, a known inhibitor of the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway. Here we provide a detailed analysis of the alkaloid composition of V. californicum by plant part through quantitative analysis of cyclopamine, veratramine, muldamine and isorubijervine in the leaf, stem and root/rhizome of the plant. To determine if additional alkaloids in the extracts contribute to Hh signaling inhibition, we replicated the concentrations of these alkaloids observed in extracts using commercially available standards and compared the inhibitory potential of the extracts to alkaloid standard mixtures using Shh-Light II cells. Alkaloid combinations enhanced Hh signaling pathway antagonism compared to cyclopamine alone, and significant differences were observed in the Hh pathway inhibition between the stem and root/rhizome extracts and their corresponding alkaloid standard mixtures, indicating that additional alkaloids present in these extracts contribute to Hh signaling inhibition.
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