The purpose of this investigation was to describe and examine variations in maximal torque produced by knee extension, knee flexion, elbow extension, and elbow flexion through a range of joint motion. Subjects were young, healthy men (n = 16) and women (n = 15). Torque was measured isometrically and isokinetically using a modified Cybex apparatus. Isotonic torque was calculated from a one-repetition maximum using a modified N-K device. Joint angles were monitored with an electrogoniometer. Torque-joint angle curves were constructed for both men and women for each muscle group. Isometric torque was highest, followed by isotonic and isokinetic torque. Torque declined with increasing isokinetic velocity. The angle of peak torque was found to be highly variable in individual subjects. Variations in torque curves were explained in terms of mechanical characteristics of the musculoskeletal system. Muscle group capability was generally found to be well matched to the mechanical requirements of the movement.

MSP'I; PT2 Paul M. Erwin, MSP'I; PT3Study Design: Single-session, prospective, repeated-measures design.Objective: To determine intratester reliability and criterion-related validity of the figure-ofeight method of measuring ankle edema. Background: The measurement of edema is often necessary when physical therapists assess patients with ankle injuries. The figure-ofeight method has been shown to be a reliable method in measuring the size of ankles in subjects without edema but not in subjects with ankle swelling. The validity of this method of measurement has not been established. Methods and Measures:The subjects (mean age, 22.7 2 4.4 years) were 7 men and 8 women with observable ankle edema secondary to acute or chronic ankle sprains or injury to the lower extremity. Three figure-of-eight measurements were taken by one tester. These measurements were correlated to measurements taken by another tester using a foot volumeter.

This study examined the angular spegificity and test mode specificity of strength training. Six males and six females (X = 22.6 years) were assigned to groups which trained either isometrically (90")

Sports anemia has been referred to as an anemic or borderline anemic state in physically active individuals, particularly athletes. This paper is a review of literature on sports anemia, including whom it may affect and its effect on performance, and its diagnosis. In general, sports anemia has been found to be a self-limiting condition and usually does not require treatment.

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