The original Marmousi model was created by a consortium led by the Institut Français du Pétrole (IFP) in 1988. Since its creation, the model and its acoustic finitedifference synthetic data have been used by hundreds of researchers throughout the world for a multitude of geophysical purposes, and to this day remains one of the most published geophysical data sets. The advancement in computer hardware capabilities since the late 1980s has made it possible to perform a major upgrade to the model and data set, thereby extending the usefulness of the model for, hopefully, some time to come. This paper outlines the creation of an updated and upgraded Marmousi model and data set which we have named Marmousi2. We based the new model on the original Marmousi structure, but extended it in width and depth, and made it fully elastic. We generated high-frequency, high-fidelity, elastic, finite-difference synthetics using a state-of-the-art modeling code made available by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory as part of a U.S. Department of Energy research project. We simulated streamer, OBC, and VSP multicomponent shot records with offsets up to 15 km. We have found these data suitable for a wide variety of geophysical research including calibration of velocity analysis, seismic migration, AVO analysis, impedance inversion, multiple attenuation, and multicomponent imaging. As part of this project, the Marmousi2 model and data set are available to other researchers throughout the world.

We evaluated Wyoming Game and Fish Department (WGFD) file information to determine the species of trout raised, the number of catchable-and subcatchable-size trout stocked, the return rate of stocked fish to the creel, reasons for variability of return rates, and the direct cost associated with stocking trout. About 8.9 million trout were planted yearly from 11 WGFD hatcheries during 1987-1990; 86% were of subcatchable size (<8.25 in) and the rest were of catchable size (^8.25 in). Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and cutthroat trout O. clarki were most often stocked. Evaluation showed that return rates (percent of number planted that were caught) to anglers were usually greater for catchable than for subcatchable fish. Catchable trout should be stocked in spring and when fishing pressure is highest for best returns; few catchable trout planted after the fishing season survive to the next season. Return rates of subcatchable trout planted in streams varied due to differences in water quality in the hatchery and receiving water, poststocking competition with other fish, time of stocking, and size of fish stocked. Subcatchable trout should be stocked in streams in spring and only when hatchery and receiving water are of similar quality, water temperature and flows are not limiting, and few competing fish are present. Higher returns in streams also occur as larger fish are stocked. Return rates of subcatchable trout were greater for lakes than for streams. For highest lake returns, subcatchable trout should be stocked in productive waters (indicated by total dissolved solids) where competing planktivores and piscivores that prey on stocked trout are few. The cost of production and distribution was US$0.68/fish for catchable and $0.13/fish for subcatchable trout. Mean cost offish reaching the creel was less for catchable trout (lakes, $2.32; streams, $3.67; 1953-1989) than for subcatchable trout (lakes, $37.44; streams, $6.29; 1953-1988). Research opportunities include developing foresighted management plans based on a combination of biological technology and public desire, evaluating the elimination of subcatchable plantings in streams and alternative management for wild trout, evaluating the transplantation of wild trout or eyed eggs of wild fish as a means of establishing fisheries, evaluating stocking guidelines applicable to various Wyoming conditions, determining the effect on harvest of behavioral differences between hatchery and wild trout, and comparing the genetic backgrounds of hatchery trout to determine their effects on postplanting survival.Anglers in Wyoming believe both that planting in southeastern Wyoming was high because drainhatchery-reared trout is valuable for maintaining ages such as the North Platte River had no native good fishing and that wild trout are important, and trout. More recently, the Wyoming Game and Fish they have a wide variety of perceptions about fish-Department (WGFD) has used hatchery trout to ing (Anderson et al. 1990). Production of hatchery replace wild stocks lost throug...

Long-standing questions in human perception concern the nature of the visual features that underlie letter recognition and the extent to which the visual processing of letters is affected by differences in alphabets and levels of viewer expertise. We examined these issues in a novel approach using a same-different judgment task on pairs of letters from the Arabic alphabet with two participant groups—one with no prior exposure to Arabic and one with reading proficiency. Hierarchical clustering and linear mixed-effects modeling of reaction times and accuracy provide evidence that both the specific characteristics of the alphabet and observers’ previous experience with it affect how letters are perceived and visually processed. The findings of this research further our understanding of the multiple factors that affect letter perception and support the view of a visual system that dynamically adjusts its weighting of visual features as expert readers come to more efficiently and effectively discriminate the letters of the specific alphabet they are viewing.

An average of 8.9 million trout (Oncorhynchus spp., Salmo trutta, Salvelinus spp.) were planted in Wyoming each year from 1987 through 1990; 86% were of subcalchable size (<8.25 in) and 14% were of catchable size (>8.25 in). Of the total fish planted, 1.9 million subcatchable trout and 177,000 catchable trout were planted in streams. Harvest rates of trout stocked in streams was low (average, 5.7%), possibly because of the hatchery conditions under which they were reared. Hatchery-reared trout were raised in conditions far different from those of natural waters: densities hundreds of times those in the wild, nearly constant water flow and water temperature, regular feeding, lack of cover, and absence of predators. Hatchery trout may become disoriented, fail to seek cover, forage inefficiently, and die when planted in streams with competing fish. Evaluating the survival of hatchery trout fed natural food, rearing hatchery trout in simulated natural conditions, raising them at moderate densities, and evaluating costs associated with management of wild and hatchery trout would provide additional means for judging the potential to train hatchery trout to survive in the wild. Such evaluations also would provide more criteria upon which to judge the success of planting hatchery trout.

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Previous research indicates that writing practice may be more beneficial than nonmotor practice for letter learning. Here, we report a training study comparing typing, visual, and writing learning conditions in adults ( N = 42). We investigated the behavioral consequences of learning modality on literacy learning and evaluated the nature of the learned letter representations. Specifically, the study addressed three questions. First, are the benefits of handwriting practice due to motor learning per se or to other incidental factors? Second, do the benefits generalize to untrained tasks? And third, does handwriting practice lead to learning and strengthening only of motor representations or of other types of representations as well? Our results clearly show that handwriting compared with nonmotor practice produces faster learning and greater generalization to untrained tasks than previously reported. Furthermore, only handwriting practice leads to learning of both motor and amodal symbolic letter representations.

Inferring others' complex emotions is central to ascribing humanness to others. However, little past research has investigated the perceptual processes linking the inference of complex emotions to judging others' humanness. To this end, we disrupted the low-level perceptual processes typically employed in face processing via face inversion. Of interest was whether the inversion-driven deficits in complex emotion judgments and in humanness judgments were related. In three experiments, we find that disrupting efficient face processing via face inversion undermined the accurate decoding of complex emotions from the eyes (Experiments 1a, 1b, and 2) and triggered more dehumanized evaluations of target eye regions (Experiments 1a and 1b) and faces (Experiment 2). Critically, these inversion effects on emotion decoding and dehumanization were positively correlated. People who demonstrated stronger inversion effects on the accuracy of decoding complex emotions also demonstrated stronger inversion effects on dehumanizing evaluations. Taken together, these findings provide novel evidence that sensitivity to complex emotions and (de)humanization are related through a shared perceptual basis in efficient face processing.

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