Em pesquisa realizada pelo autor e mais quatro colegas na maior favela da cidade de Porto Alegre foi detectada uma atitude bastante consistente com relação à polícia: ela é temida e odiada pela grande maioria ao contrário da gangue local que era muito integrada e respeitada pela comunidade. O objetivo do artigo é portanto tentar mostrar as razões desse paradoxo. e 1985 a 1988, eu e mais quatro colegas da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, a antropóloga Claudia Fonseca e três alunos, Cesar Augusto Avancinni, Sergio Martins de Barros e Jurema Brittes, realizamos uma pesquisa em uma comunidade de periferia, Morro da Cruz, Vila Vargas, situada na região ocidental da cidade de Porto Alegre cuja população era de 35 a 40.000 habitantes. Por quase duas décadas, a vila foi dominada pela gangue mais poderosa da cidade (tráfico de drogas), e em certo sentido a comunidade também era ilegal pois tinha sido construída a partir de invasão de terra e porque estava legalmente separada da sociedade urbana que a cercava. O mito em Porto Alegre, talvez devido à influência dos jornais locais, é de que lá no Morro da Cruz existe uma guerra Hobbesiana de todos contra todos provocada pela atomização e apatia fruto da pobreza. Apesar disso, entretanto, o Morro é considerado a comunidade mais organizada da cidade, com uma vida social e comunitária bastante intensa, seis escolas, cinco organizações comunitárias, três times de futebol, duas creches, um centro de saúde, três capelas católicas e uma dúzia de capelas pentecostais, cerca de cem centros de Umbanda e centenas de lojas. As moradias tanto podem ser confortáveis como caóticas, o suprimento d'água é bastante irregular e a rede UNITERMOS: atitude, comunidade, polícia, gangue.
En ayant recours à la méthode anthropologique du pluralisme juridique, l'auteur passe en revue le développement du droit et des institutions juridiques au Brésil. Il montre comment une organisation juridique faible à l'époque coloniale a mené au développement de forces policières privées et d'une réglementation informelle, une tendance qui persiste encore aujourd'hui. Des tentatives au siècle dernier de fonder un État impérial centralisé sur le développement d'une bureaucratie judiciaire bien formée échouèrent en raison du pouvoir de l'aristocratie caféière tournée vers l'exportation. La «Première République» vit la création de puissantes forces de police militaire dans les états chargées de défendre les intérêts des oligarchies locales. Ces institutions élitistes constituent toujours le système juridique formel du Brésil, même si elles ne sont plus adaptées à cette société moderne urbaine et industrielle qu'est devenue le Brésil. Il est donc essentiel de développer de nouvelles formes juridiques, plus démocratiques. Using the anthropo/ogica/ method of {egal pluralism, the author in this paper brief/y surveys the development of law and legal institutions in Brazil. He shows how weak state legal organization in the Colonial period led to the development of priva te police forces and informa/ rule making, a pattern which continues to the present. Attempts in the fast century to create a centralizedImperial state based on the deve/opment of a weil trained judicial bureaucracy failed due to the power of the export oriented coffee aristocracy. The "First Republic" saw the creation of powerful state military police forces built to defend the interests of local oligarchies. These elite institutions continue as the forma/legal system of the country, but are not adequate to the modern urban industrial society of today's Brazil. The deve/opment of new, more democratie, legal forms is essential.
“Citizenship” is a complex concept. It is usually considered as an individual’s relationship to a nation-state, the duties, obligations and rights that come with residence in a given polity. However, historically, “citizenship” was concerned with the community or city state, the word (from civis) implies this. This paper argues that this local vision of the concept is still vitally important and one’s emotional links to larger institution are usually stronger with the local community than with the nation, especially in countries such as Brazil where national feelings were never strong.
The purpose of this investigation was to examine salivary secretion of A, B and H blood group substances in gastric cancer subjects of two ethnic groups, the Asian Japanese with a known increased incidence of the disease and the U.S.A. Whites with an intermediate incidence of the disorder. Eighty‐two histologically proven cases of stomach cancer and 130 control subjects from U.S.A. and 212 cases of cancer of the stomach and 177 control subjects in Asian Japanese were tested for salivary blood group substances. It was found that by mean tube titer analysis U.S.A. Whites with gastric cancer secreted more H substance than controls (p<0.001), and possibly more A substance (p<0.05). By similar analysis, Japanese with gastric cancer did not secrete more of these substances as compared to their controls. When all subjects tested were assigned either secretor or non‐secretor status on the basis of bi‐modal distribution behavior, then more secretors were found in the Japanese gastric cancer group than in controls (p = 0.01), and a similar trend was seen in U.S.A. Whites (p.<0.05). Some observations on blood group secretor phenomena and disease are reviewed, and a speculation is offered in regard to a possible mechanism of importance in the pathogenesis of gastric cancer. This speculation attempts to relate neoplasia of gastric epithelial cells to introduction of viral DNA, and the suggestion is made that virus might find it easier to penetrate a cell containing A substance rather than one containing H substance or none at all.
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