This full-scale research pavilion exercises the application of timber and polymer concrete in architectural production (Figure 1). It attempts to develop and test a new hybrid construction technique using composite joints [as introduced in Schober et al. (2014)] within a modular geometric system and no need for formwork. The structure was designed and erected by students and instructors of the Digital Design and Full-Scale Fabrication seminar taught at the Institute of Architecture, University of Applied Arts Vienna. CNC milled, 3-layer spruce laminated timber boards are used for construction, which are temporarily fixed, then rigidized with polymer concrete. The cured composite node proves high structural capabilities, as polymer concrete withstands both pressure and tensile forces, and the bond between the materials is as strong as the wood itself. Compared to traditional timber construction, no metal bolting is needed for the creation of the node, while at the same time, the node geometry becomes more flexible, meaning any three-dimensional layout can be produced, as long as a temporary containment and fixation can be implemented until the chemical curing process is completed (Schober et al., 2016). The geometry is developed as an interpretation of the Zollinger (Menges et al., 2016) grid, where members originally are of twice the grid length ( Figure 2) and reciprocally reliant on each other (Figure 3). Instead, every second grid cell is made a joint node when cast out with concrete, making the structural members a lost formwork at the same time (Figure 4). Double-layering each member (see detail explanation of the construction process in Section "Construction Method" below) makes it possible to cast all 122 nodes of the pavilion structure separately and flat-bolt them together on-site with metal screws. Alternative fixation techniques (i.e., glue) of the nodes can be tested in future. The software plugin RhinoVault is used as a design tool to produce an efficient, compression only basic shell surface, although the subsequent imposition of the grid system introduces eccentricities and local imperfections. A parametric model in Rhinoceros and Grasshopper tests various subdivision densities and node sizes and evaluates the overall performance with the structural analysis tool Karamba. The different heights of the lamellas in the structure arise from the analysis and parametric interpretation of stresses under vertical and horizontal loading.
The Parametric FEM Toolbox is a plug-in for the visual programming environment Grasshopper which implements the RF-COM API of the Dlubal RFEM finite element software to establish a connection between these two platforms. Both the transfer of data from Grasshopper into RFEM and back from RFEM into Grasshopper are supported. Thus, new possibilities are enabled beyond the options of the conventional graphical user interface (GUI) of RFEM: the use of the Rhino 3D modelling tools to create NURBS curves and surfaces; the possibility of the parametric modification of an existing FE model or part of it; the export and processing of FE model data, which sometimes is not even available through the program GUI, e.g. 3D shapes of beam elements; etc. With these functionalities, the objectoriented structure and compact GUI, this tool can easily be adapted to numerous workflows and optimization processes. This paper explores which possibilities exist for implementing a commercial FEM software in a parametric design platform. Existing approaches are reviewed, the development of the Para metric FEM Toolbox is described and some of the possible workflows with this new tool are explored through a collection of real-world case studies.
Der Entwurf von Delugan Meissl Associated Architects aus Wien für das Hyundai Automotive Motorstudio ging 2011 als Wettbewerbssieger hervor und dient künftig als Vorbild für internationale Standorte der Automobilmarke. Es wurde ein polygonal geformter, scheinbar schwebender Baukörper mit einer großzügig transparenten Fassade im Erdgeschoss entworfen, der sich in die Hauptelemente „Landscape” – eine urbane begehbare Fläche, „Vertical Green” – vertikale erschließende Verbindungselemente und „Shaped Sky” – ein großes Volumen, welches das Dach bildet, gliedert. Das Tragwerk stellt bis auf die Gebäudekerne aus Stahlbeton eine räumliche Fachwerksstruktur dar. Besondere Tragwerkselemente, wie z. B. die Stützencluster, Gruppen sehr schlanker Stützen in Anlehnung an einen Bambuswald, stellen einen integrativen Bestandteil der architektonischen Gestaltung dar. Bei der Entwicklung der architektonischen Form und der Tragwerksgeometrie wurde ein integrativer und weitestgehend parametrischer Prozess entwickelt, der, basierend auf selbst entwickelten Programmen wie Karamba3D und Octopus, erst die Umsetzung des Projekts unter den gegebenen Rahmenbedingungen und Qualitätsanforderungen ermöglichte. Besonderes Augenmerk wurde auf die Entwicklung der großzügigen und transparenten Fassade gelegt, welche den höchsten technischen und ästhetischen Anforderungen gerecht werden musste.
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