This investigation was designed to evaluate a new dream content measure, the Casto Spirituality Scoring System. Therefore, our research question was: "Can the spiritual content of dream reports be identified and measured?" We randomly selected 20 male and 20 female dream reports obtained in dream seminars in each of six countries. We added 20 dream reports from one U.S. female and one U.S. male undergoing "spiritual development" programs. Of the 280 dream reports in our collection, 59 contained spiritual content, according to our definition of "spiritual" as one's focus on, and/or reverence, openness, and connectedness to something of significance believed to be beyond one's full understanding and/or individual existence. The research question was answered affirmatively in so far as the Casto Spirituality Scoring System yielded high reliability when the scores of two judges, working independently, were compared. These initial results are promising but further research needs to be done before the usefulness of this system can be fully demonstrated. Key words: dreams, spirituality, consciousness, survey

This study investigated if dream content differences exist between male and female dreamers in England. One most recent dream report was collected from each of the 100 male and 100 female research participants during dream seminars and a dream research project held in England between 1990 and 2004. The Hall-Van de Castle System of Content Analysis (1966) was used to score each dream report. Major findings showed that English males scored significantly higher on the Aggression/Friendliness index compared to English females. By contrast, English females reported a significantly higher Physical Aggression index compared to males. Females also reported a much higher Bodily Misfortunes percentage compared to males. Although some findings were similar to past studies using American participants, others were unique to this study and may be attributable to the particular sample used in this study (dream seminar attendees), or may suggest actual underlying cultural patterns of contemporary English men and women.

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This article discusses preliminary data on advancing what we know about "sacred sites" and their effects on dreaming. Thirty-five volunteers spent between one and five nights in one of four unfamiliar outdoor sacred sites in England and Wales. Another volunteer awakened them following the observation of rapid eye movement and asked for dream recall. The same volunteers monitored their own dreams in familiar home surroundings, keeping dream diaries. Equal numbers of site dreams and home dream reports were obtained for each volunteer. The 204 dream reports had previously been subjected to inspection for bizarre and paranormal content, with no significant differences. This analysis used the Hall-Van de Castle Scale, and several differences were found, most notably more aggressive content in site dreams and more friendly content in home dreams. In addition, home dream reports contained more incidences of failure, striving, and success. A number of 2

This study asked the question, "Are there significant content differences between male and female dream reports obtained in dream seminars conducted in Japan?" Each of the 100 female and 100 male research participants contributed 1 recent dream report during dream seminars that were held in Japan between 1990Japan between and 1998Japan between and in 2004. Dream reports were scored using Hall and Van de Castle's (1966) system of content analysis. Major findings showed that Japanese males dreamed much more of male characters, whereas Japanese females dreamed more equally of female and male characters, a finding in line with Hall's (1984) "ubiquitous sex difference" (p. 1109). Japanese females were also friendlier with other females, not other males, an uncommon finding (Domhoff, 1996). Results are discussed in terms of Hall's (1953) continuity hypothesis and Domhoff's (1996Domhoff's ( , 2003 cognitive model of dreaming (i.e., dreaming is a cognitive process and is based on the same conceptions and concerns as in the waking cognition). The findings illuminate some underlying cultural patterns of the contemporary roles of Japanese men and women. Future researchers should consider gender and socioeconomic status to better represent Japan's social-economic diversity and obtain more dreams per participant to better represent the totality of participants' dream lives.Keywords: dreaming, gender differences in dreaming, Japanese dreams, content analysis of Japanese dreams, Hall-Van de Castle analysis of Japanese dreams Dreams and dream practices have long played an important role in Japanese culture. According to Tsuruta's (2005) survey of dreams and dreaming in Japan, a variety of dream practices and dream-related arts were used throughout Japan. In