The aim of the research is to determine the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic for activities carried out by nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). Moreover, there will be conducted an assessment of the differences in the perceived effects of the pandemic by NGOs due to their activity areas. The analyzes are based on the results of a survey that was carried out among representatives of NGOs in the period April-May 2020. The descriptive analysis was conducted on the basis of survey data. Additionally, a chi-square test of independence will be carried out to verify the differences in the perceived effects of the COVID-19 pandemic in the groups of NGOs established based on the criteria area of activity. The results obtained enable us to point out the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic in a very short time horizon -the next 4 and 8 weeksfor NGOs in the area of the possibility of fully financing the salary costs, as well as the ability to provide services to clients/beneficiaries. The paper establishes the frequency of concerns regarding the negative consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic (such as loss of income, the need to dismiss employees). In addition, it will outline the most pressing challenges faced by NGOs to the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic and assess the outlook after the pandemic. The paper fills the gap in the knowledge of the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic for NGOs.
The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the interplay between variables pertaining to the satisfaction of life and economic sentiments of citizens of selected European countries. The analysis of the connections will be conducted based on existing subjective primary data. The data in question are results of international comparative surveys (European Social Survey, ESS; the OECD's Better Life Initiative) and results of consumer economic sentiment surveys ordered by the European Commission. The research procedure also benefitted from the selected items of literature available in the form of books and articles. Population economic sentiments are subject to cyclical changes connected with the changes in economic situation in individual countries. The analysis of secondary data allows for the conclusion that there is a statistically significant direct or indirect strong relationship between assessments of life satisfaction and consumer confidence indicator. The grouping of the researched countries based on secondary data has made it possible to capture the similarities between individual states.
Section K of the services sector includes entities conducting financial and insurance activities and, among others, banks. Fluctuations in the whole economy and its individual sectors’ situation are interrelated; hence, one may also expect similarities of cyclical fluctuations in the banking sector and in the entire financial sector. The analyses in the article concern the connections between the cyclical fluctuations on the banking services market and in the entire K section of the services sector, grouping entities conducting financial and insurance activities in Poland. The analyses proved that changes in the economic situation appear earlier in the banking sector than in section K of the services sector. The time range of analyses covered the period from the first quarter of 2003 to the first quarter of 2018. Conclusions on relationships were formulated on the basis of cross-correlation analysis and the analysis of the turning points in the time series of variables describing the cyclical fluctuations in the banking market and in the K section of the services sector.
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