A vast source of oak wood is available for use in the United States for papermaking. Knowledge of the proportions of tissue types and cell dimensions for hardwoods, especially on a weight basis, could help extend their use in the pulp and paper industry. This report provides such information for 11 red and white oak species. A method for calculating tissue proportions by weight from proportions by volume is given. The proportion by weight for fibers varied from 74% for fast-grown trees to 38% for slow-grown trees; for axial and ray parenchyma from 24% for fast grown to 54% for slow grown; and for vessels from 2% for fast grown to 8% for slow grown. Results show the relationship of tissue proportions to both growth rate and site. Information in this report can be used to help decide whether it is economical to separate fines and other components in pulping hardwoods. The amount of axial and ray parenchyma by weight in slow-grown material suggests it may be economically feasible to separate the parenchyma for possible use as fuel, chemical stock, or cattle feed.
Yellow-poplar was dried as 7/4 flitches at high temperatures and subsequently ripped into studs to meet National Grading Rule Standards for STUD grade. The effects of growth stresses in these flitches from smaller logs appear to be minimized by this process. Dry bulb temperatures from 235° to 295° F were explored in five drying trials. Best results were by drying for 28 hours at 235° F, followed by an equalizing period of 48 hours at 200° F and an equilibrium moisture content of 10 percent.
In 1985, the U.S. Congress mandated a program commonly called the Caribbean Initiative. To fulfill their portion of this Initiative, the USDA Forest Service developed a "Program for Tropical Forestry in Latin America and the Caribbean." This document is part of the Forest Service program, and it was funded by the legislation for the Caribbean Initiative. This document is based on an extensive survey (nearly 3,000 documents) of the world literature pertaining to Latin American woods and their use. It contains a discussion of the resource, the literature, the state of the knowledge, and the state of the art in actual practice, by primary and secondary processing and by product areas within the processing options. A discussion about new initiatives and programs that are needed in research, technology transfer, and training is included. In addition, lists of references, the bibliography, and limited lists of the tree species are discussed in the literature.
Various soils that supported black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) growth in Indiana and Missouri were analyzed for surface pH, organic matter, available P, exchangeable K, Ca, Mg, total N, silt plus clay content, cation‐exchange capacity (CEC), and depth to mottling or to impervious layer. Quantitative color values (luminance, dominant wavelength, purity) of heartwood of walnut trees grown on these soils were determined by reflectance spectroscopy. The soil properties analyzed were moderate to high for most soils studied. A few soils were found low in available P, silt plus clay content, and organic matter. Regression analyses indicated that variations in soil fertility were correlated with difference in wood color between individual sample trees. The range of observed site quality was rather limited, however, poorer sites showed a tendency toward darker, redder heartwood (lower luminance, higher dominant wavelength). Available P, exchangeable K, Ca, Mg, total N, and pH were found to be most important in relation to color variation.
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