The aim of this work is to provide an overview of the key features of the expressions of grief. Grief is a response to loss or anticipated loss. Although universal, its oral and nonverbal expression varies across cultures and individuals. Loss is produced by an event perceived to be negative to varying degrees by the individuals involved and has the potential to trigger long-term changes in a person's cognitions and relationships. The languages used by the bereaved to express grief differ from the language used by professionals, creating dissonance between the two. Data were obtained from English language Medline and CINAHL databases, from professional and personal experiences, interviews with experts, and exploration of cemetery memorials. Blog websites and social networks provided additional materials for further refinement of the model. Content analysis of the materials and agreement by the authors as to the themes resulted in the development of the model. To bridge the gap between professional language and that used by the bereaved, a Languages of Grief model was developed consisting of four Modes of Expression, four Types of Language, plus three Contingent Factors. The Languages of Grief provides a framework for comprehending the grief of the individual, contributing to clinical understanding, and fruitful exploration by professionals in better understanding the use of languages by the bereaved. Attention to the Modes of Expression, Types of Language, and Contingent Factors provides the professional with a richer understanding of the grieving individual, a step in providing appropriate support to the bereaved. The Languages of Grief provides a framework for application to discrete occurrences with the goal of understanding grief from the perspective of the bereaved.
The presence of adult learners on college campuses highlights the need to understand concepts of life span development, the process of revisiting psychosocial themes, and the nature of transitions.
The studies by and point to a large degree of overlap in specific responses by therapists presumably operating from different theoretical points of view. In addition they found that more experienced counselors differ less than inexperienced counselors (a) in their conception of the "ideal therapeutic relationship" and (b) in their responses to client statements. This was regardless of the particular theoretical orientation to wluch each professed allegiance.
Here is her notebook, neatly kept Hand-written entries, all correct, Doctors dates are duly noted, Specimens, tests: results are quoted-Interspersed with presentations, Lecture notes, speaking engagements, Then checks for lumps in groin and breast, Medication and surgery next, Pulses taken, medicine changed, Lymphoma diagnosis named, Now crystal words, distilled in pain, Pure verse flowed on, and death became-Part of life, as she was dying, "Growth 'till death!" (No time for crying.)
Norma S. Gilbert Counseling and Mental Health University of the District of Columbia'Things Just Are, They Just Are Kurpius, D. Consultation theory and process: An integrated model.Principles concerning the counseling-therapy of women. Counseling Psychologist, 1978, 7, 74-76.
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