GREENWAY, FRANK L., GEORGE A. BRAY, AND ROBERT L. MARLIN. Methods to maximize retention in weight loss studies. Obes Res. 1999;7:593-596. Objective: Dropouts from clinical trials decrease quality and increase costs. Free participation, paid participation, and contingency contracting are three study retention methods. Contingency contracting, or depositing a fee to be refunded contingent upon attendance in a clinical trial, has been reported to decrease dropouts without affecting weight loss. These three methods of retention were compared with a commercial weight loss clinic's practice of charging nonrefundable fees. Methods and Procedures: Dropouts were compared in two studies testing mazindol, with one study using free care and the other using contingency contracting; two studies testing phenylpropanolamine, one using free care and the other using contingency contracting; and in studies with phenylpropanolamine on file with Thompson Medical Company using free care, paid participation, and contingency contracting. Results: The dropout rate was 50% at 8 weeks in a trial of mazindol with free care vs. 7% for contingency contracting (~0 . 0 0 1). The two phenylpropanolamine studies gave the same weight losses, but the dropouts were 37% at 8 weeks for free care vs. 1 1 % for contingency contracting (p
The notion of an information communication model has been around for many years. Source, channel, and destination are simple words that communicate much about the complex process called communication.The purpose of this Workshop is to examine, in a general way, the information communication model as it exists in an area of interest to all of US; that is, drug information.The program has been constructed so that during the first session our attention will be focused primarily on sources of information. The second session will be focused on the channels of drug information. The third session, which unfortunately will not be available for these proceedings, will be devoted to the destination, or users.To say that the drug information communication network can be clearly subdivided into three clear-cut portions is neither realistic nor possible. Very frequently a source, such as INDEX MEDICUS, can also be a channel. It is even possible that INDEX MEDICUS could be a destination, from the viewpoint of an editor or publisher wishing for broader exposure of his publication. Nevertheless, we have attempted to break the network model into three identified portions for this Workshop. Drs. Marlin and Worthen were Co-Chairmen of rhe DIA Workshop.Our speakers will identify a number of sources for us throughout the sessions and these sources will vary depending on the speaker. The source can be a health professional, a published paper, or even the patient. The channel is responsible for taking "information" from the source to the destination. Traditionally, it is believed that the channel does not interact with nor change the information; that is, in fact, only a conduit. More recently, information scientists have recognized that the channels do influence both the information content and delivery. Secondary information tools, on-line data bases, and even journals may be thought of as channels.The destination is usually perceived as the needer or user of the information. In health areas we normally perceive this to be a health care professional -physician, nurse, pharmacist, or other. While this perception is essentially correct, it is not complete. The professional must then apply this information to initiate, modify, or terminate some form of patient care. By extension, the ultimate destination in the drug information communication network is the patient.The goal for these three sessions is to provide a forum whereby our perceptions of the communication network are challenged. Are we on the right track in collecting data, creating and communicating information and facilitating the acquisition of knowledge and the improvement of patient care? We hope that each participant will latch onto one or two ideas that will help in optimizing his or her role in the creation and dissemination of information about the drugs we work with. 6
Education enterprises (e.g., schools, universities, online platforms) seeking digital transformation require careful evaluation of their strategies and transformative capabilities. Although transformation of teaching routines is slowly evolving into student-centric learning, individual-oriented learning routines (assess, evidence, credentials) are complex to manage compared to established teaching routines (define, engage, and enhance) using existing digital learning management systems. This has resulted in poor tracking of 21st century skills (21C) of learners, which are highly sought by teachers, learners, and employers. Based on reviews of blockchain use cases from the education literature, this study proposes a blockchain for education learning ledger (BELL) model to capture and track 21C skills demanded by Industry 4.0. The BELL model includes an innovative assess skills chain for developing strategic learning capabilities and enabling reconfiguration of learning outcomes.
In the normal conduct of a clinical drug trial, a considerable time lag exists between the point when drug response data are collected, usually by means of a standard written case report form completed at the time of an individual patient visit, and the time when it is entered into the computer system (and thereafter available for assessment) in the sponsor 's facility. This lag period may range from a matter of days to one or several months. Previous efforts to reduce this time span by providing electronic data entry capability within the clinical investigator's office have generally proven unsatisfactory for reasons of complexity and relative inaccuracy. A recently-developed potential solution to this entire problem will be described. It involves the provision of a microcomputer equipped with sophisticated customized data entry software that offers a means to substantially reduce this long-standing source of delays in the completion of clinical drug trials.
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