Recent observations have revealed massive galactic molecular outflows 1-3 that may have physical conditions (high gas densities 4-6 ) required to form stars. Indeed, several recent models predict that such massive galactic outflows may ignite star formation within the outflow itself 7-11 . This star-formation mode, in which stars form with high radial velocities, could contribute to the morphological evolution of galaxies 12 , to the evolution in size and velocity dispersion of the spheroidal component of galaxies 11,13 , and would contribute to the population of highvelocity stars, which could even escape the galaxy 13 . Such star formation could provide in-situ chemical enrichment of the circumgalactic and intergalactic medium (through supernova explosions of young stars on large orbits), and some models also predict that it may contribute substantially to the global star formation rate observed in distant galaxies 9 . Although there exists observational evidence for star formation triggered by outflows or jets into their host galaxy, as a consequence of gas compression, evidence for star formation occurring within galactic outflows is still missing. Here we report new spectroscopic observations that unambiguously reveal star formation occurring in a galactic outflow at a redshift of 0.0448. The inferred star formation rate in the outflow is larger than 15 M ¤ /yr. Star formation may also be occurring in other galactic outflows, but may have been missed by previous observations owing to the lack of adequate diagnostics 14,15 .IRAS F23128-5919 is a merging system (Fig.1a), in which the southern nucleus hosts an obscured active nucleus (AGN), detected in the X-rays 16 . Past observations had already revealed a prominent outflow developing from the southern nucleus 14,15,[17][18][19] , driven by the nuclear starburst, or by the AGN, or both. We analyzed archival Very Large Telescope (VLT) spectroscopic observations, obtained with the MUSE instrument, of the optical nebular lines to better characterize the outflow. The nebular emission line profiles can be clearly separated into a narrow component, associated with the interstellar medium in the two galactic disks, and a very broad (Full Width Half Maximum, FWHM~600-1,000 km/s), predominantly blueshifted component tracing the outflow. The velocity field, velocity dispersion, surface brightness maps of the two components are shown in Fig. 1a. The narrow component (bottom row in Fig. 1a) is probably tracing the bulk of the dynamics of the two merging disks. The outflow traced by the broad blueshifted component (top row in Fig. 1a) of the nebular lines extends towards the East of the southern nucleus for about 7-9 kpc (8"-10"), beyond the optical galactic disk. A receding counter-outflow is also observed in the opposite direction, i.e. towards the West (although weaker, owing to extinction by the galactic disk).We have observed the central and eastern outflows with the X-shooter spectrograph at the VLT, which enabled the detection of spectral diagnostics over the en...

Several models have predicted that stars could form inside galactic outflows and that this would be a new major mode of galaxy evolution. Observations of galactic outflows have revealed that they host large amounts of dense and clumpy molecular gas, which provide conditions suitable for star formation. We have investigated the properties of the outflows in a large sample of galaxies by exploiting the integral field spectroscopic data of the large MaNGA-SDSS4 galaxy survey. We find evidence for prominent star formation ocurring inside at least 30% of the galactic outflows in our sample, while signs of star formation are seen in up to half of the outflows. We also show that even if star formation is prominent inside many other galactic outflows, this may have not been revealed as the diagnostics are easily dominated by the presence of even faint AGN and shocks. If very massive outflows typical of distant galaxies and quasars follow the same scaling relations observed locally, then the star formation inside high-z outflows can be up to several 100 M yr −1 and could contribute substantially to the early formation of the spheroidal component of galaxies. Star formation in outflows can also potentially contribute to establishing the scaling relations between black holes and their host spheroids. Moreover, supernovae exploding on large orbits can chemically enrich in-situ and heat the circumgalactic and intergalactic medium. Finally, young stars ejected on large orbits may also contribute to the reionization of the Universe.

Fourteen new withanolides 1-14, named withalongolides A-N, respectively, were isolated from the aerial parts of Physalis longifolia together with eight known compounds (15-22). The structures of compounds 1-14 were elucidated through spectroscopic techniques and chemical methods. In addition, the structures of withanolides 1, 2, 3, and 6 were confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis. Using a MTS viability assays, eight withanolides (1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 15, 16, and 19) and four acetylated derivatives (1a, 1b, 2a, and 2b) showed potent cytotoxicity against human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (JMAR and MDA-1986), melanoma (B16F10 and SKMEL-28), and normal fetal fibroblast (MRC-5) cells with IC50 values in the range between 0.067 and 9.3 μM.

Galactic outflows are known to consist of several gas phases, however, the connection between these phases has been investigated little and only in a few objects. In this paper, we analyse MUSE/VLT data of 26 local (U)LIRGs and study their ionized and neutral atomic phases. We also include objects from the literature to obtain a sample of 31 galaxies with spatially resolved multi-phase outflow information. We find that the ionized phase of the outflows has on average an electron density three times higher than the disc (ne, disc ∼ 145 cm−3 versus ne, outflow ∼ 500 cm−3), suggesting that cloud compression in the outflow is more important than cloud dissipation. We find that the difference in extinction between outflow and disc correlates with the outflow gas mass. Together with the analysis of the outflow velocities, this suggests that at least some of the outflows are associated with the ejection of dusty clouds from the disc. This may support models where radiation pressure on dust contributes to driving galactic outflows. The presence of dust in outflows is relevant for potential formation of molecules inside them. We combine our data with millimetre data to investigate the molecular phase. We find that the molecular phase accounts for more than 60 ${{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ of the total mass outflow rate in most objects and this fraction is higher in AGN-dominated systems. The neutral atomic phase contributes of the order of 10 ${{\ \rm per\ cent}}$, while the ionized phase is negligible. The ionized-to-molecular mass outflow rate declines slightly with AGN luminosity, although with a large scatter.

Background Thyroid cancer stem cells (CSCs) with ALDH and CD44 markers contribute to tumor growth and aggressiveness. We hypothesize that novel HSP90 inhibitors(KU711, WGA-TA) and 17-AAG can effectively target thyroid CSC function in vitro and prevent migration and invasion. Methods Validated papillary(TPC1), follicular(FTC238, WRO) and anaplastic(ACT1) human thyroid cancer cell lines were treated with three HSP90 inhibitors. CSCs were quantified for ALDH by flow cytometry(FC), CD44 expression by Western blot(WB), and thyrosphere formation assay. Cellular pathway proteins were analyzed by WB and migration/invasion by Boyden-chambers. Results WGA-TA and 17-AAG induced HSP70 compensation (not observed with KU711) on WB in all cell lines (>1,000 fold vs. controls). Only WGA-TA degraded HSP90-Cdc37 complexing by 60-70% vs. controls. Expression of HSP90 clients β-catenin, BRAF, Akt, and phospho-Akt were significantly inhibited by WGA-TA treatment(50-80%, 50-90%, >80%, and >90%) compared to controls, KU711, and 17-AAG treatment. KU711 and WGA-TA significantly reduced CD44 expression in all cell lines (25-60% vs controls/17-AAG), reduced ALDEFLOR activity by 69-98% (p<0.005) and sphere formation by 64-99% (p<0.05). Finally, cell migration was reduced by 31-98%, 100%, and 30-38%; and invasion by 75-100%, 100%, and 47% by KU711, WGA-TA, and 17-AAG treatment (p<0.05), respectively. Conclusion KU711 and WGA-TA are novel HSP90 inhibitors targeting CSC function and inhibiting cell migration/invasion in differentiated and anaplastic thyroid cancers, warranting further translational evaluation in vivo.