Several authors have discussed a pattern of behavior that has been called Compulsive Sexual Behavior, Sexual Addiction, or Hypersexuality. The literature concerning this disorder is reviewed. It is suggested that the various labels applied to this disorder are inaccurate descriptions that are not reflective of the true nature of the condition. It is further suggested that this behavioral pattern is best viewed as a manifestation of an Atypical Impulse Control Disorder.
Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a controversial, ambiguous, and often unreliable concept that presents significant clinical and rating challenges, to the extent that, for any individual case, many of the differential diagnostic issues provide a far more probable explanation of symptoms than does CRPS. The International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) introduced CRPS in 1994 specifically to replace “reflex sympathetic dystrophy” [RSD] and “causalgia.” The IASP diagnostic protocol for assessing CRPS has led to overdiagnosis, as well as questions regarding the protocol's reliability, validity, and high error rate during field trials. Using the IASP protocol and the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides), Fifth Edition, the authors discuss the mental health and general medical evaluations that are part of the differential diagnosis of CRPS, which involves both psychological and general medical components. Finally, examiners should be aware that the probability rates for a diagnosis of CRPS following a thorough and extensive differential diagnosis is very small and is further limited by the general lack of scientific credibility for the concept of CRPS. A diagnosis of CRPS in the absence of ruling out all potential differentials is not credible. A sidebar discusses several chapters that are relevant to rating impairment due to causalgia, RSD, and CRPS.
The Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) is part five of the multiaxial diagnostic system for mental disorders outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition–Text Revised (DSM-IV-TR). The AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides) notes the use of DSM-IV-TR in rating an individual's global functional capacity, which, like disability, is related directly to the effects of impairments. The AMA Guides, Fourth and Fifth Editions, do not provide numeric psychiatric impairment, and shortcomings plague the use of GAF to define disability—but even so, authorities ranging from the State of California to the Veterans Administration rely on GAF scores. A table shows the 100-point scale Global Assessment Scale in which higher scores indicate better functioning. The GAF has been modified to address deficiencies; a decision tree has been added and is summarized; and the editor of DSM-IV-TR has developed a computerized version that reportedly improves reliability and validity. Evaluators should bear in mind that the GAF helps evaluate the individual's functioning in three areas: psychological, social, and occupational (including the activities of daily living). The resulting score facilitates the creation of a treatment plan, evaluates its effectiveness, and predicts outcomes, but evaluators should be aware of its significant limitations.
The literature pertaining to the use of art therapy in marital and sex counseling of couples is reviewed. All articles in this area are based on case study reports; therefore, their conclusions must be considered with caution. Art therapy techniques which have been developed for use in marriage counseling are identified, and several advantages to the use of these procedures are cited. Suggestions for research to validate these procedures are discussed.
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