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Human splenic contraction occurs both during apnea and maximal exercise, increasing the circulating erythrocyte volume. We investigated the hematological responses to 3 maximal apneas performed by elite apneic divers, elite cross-country skiers, and untrained subjects. Post-apnea hemoglobin concentration had increased in all groups, but especially in divers. The increases disappeared within 10 min of recovery. Apneic duration across apneas also increased the most in divers. Responses in divers could be more pronounced as a result of apnea training.

24Urbanization is modifying previously pristine natural habitats and creating "new" ecosystems for 25 wildlife. As a result, some animals now use habitat fragments or have colonized urban areas. 26Such animals are exposed to novel stimuli that they have not been exposed to in their 27 evolutionary history. Some species have adapted to the challenges they face -a phenomenon 28 known as synurbanization -while others have not. Here we present a review of the sublethal 29 consequences of life in the city for wild vertebrates, and demonstrate that urban animals face an 30 almost completely different set of physiological and behavioural challenges compared to their 31 rural counterparts. We focus on the negative fitness-related impacts of urbanization, but also 32 identify instances where there are benefits to wildlife. The effects of urbanization appear to be 33 both species-and context-dependent, suggesting that although the field of urban ecology is far 34 from nascent, we are still just beginning to understand how the intricacies of biodiversity on our 35 planet are affected by our presence. 36 37