Efficiently fracture treating a large number of zones has created a unique downhole tool challenge. In many applications, the operator requires a drillable cased-hole bridge/frac plug to effectively isolate multiple zones for stimulation in a single borehole. The main objective of the drillable plug is to isolate the lower zones so effective stimulation can be performed in the upper zones. This minimizes wellbore interventions while maximizing the number of zones stimulated. During drill-up, the plug must breakdown into small cuttings that can be easily transported utilizing conventional flow-rates to ensure a clean wellbore and unobstructed perforations. The plug must be composed of materials that allow for rapid drill-out using standard downhole motors and milling equipment.
Drillable plugs have evolved due to multiple challenges associated with the escalating number of zones that must be treated. Most recently, the service industry has produced a variety of composite bridge/frac plugs that have advanced performance compared to standard cast iron versions. However operators have experienced multiple problems with composite plugs.
To addresses the issues, a plug was designed and manufactured from precision aluminum alloy. The aluminum plug technology (APT) has significantly increased plug life-span having successfully addressed degradation issues in the application's pressure/temperature range. The new plug stays locked downhole under extreme temperatures/pressures without degradation and a unique anchoring system eliminates spinning of multiple plugs during drill-out. Advanced materials and a compact design have reduced drill-out time to an average of 20 minutes, saving the operator expensive rig time.
Using the APT, the operator has the option to flow back the well for an extended period before plug drill-out. APT has also drastically reduced the incidents of fishing due to partially set plugs. APT has demonstrated reliable performance during stimulation, effectively eliminating the adverse effects of plug movement during treatment.
The isolation by Morgan (1906) of a previously undescribed bacillus-"Morgan's bacillus Type P"1-from the stools of 28 out of 58 infants with summer diarrhea was followed by other studies2 which were thought to indicate that this organism bears a causal relation to diarrhea in infants and young children. The causation of adult diarrhea and dysentery has also been attributed to this organism, particularly by French authors and by students of dysenteric infections during the Great War.A Phalen and Kilbourne (1910) considered that dysentery in the Philippines was due in part to the Morgan bacillus; this was "the only type of dysentery" encountered in certain regions. Later investigators have found the Morgan bacillus in a variety of pathological con-1 Several other bacillary "types" were described by Morgan, but they have not been as commonly reported by later investigators, and "Type I" has by common consent become "Morgan's bacillus," "B. Morganii," or "Salmonella morganii." "B. morgani" is used synonymously with "B. Morgan No. 1" in the 3d edition of the Catalogue of the National Collection of Type Cultures, London, 1931. Waaler (Jour. Bact., 1931, 22, 261) has recently reported the presence of Morgan's Type XII in five cases of infection of the urinary tract.
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