This study aimed to identify the religious practices and beliefs of surgeons and the relationship between surgeons' locus of control and religiosity. Thirty-five surgeons completed a survey that included items from the Duke University Religion Index, the Salesian Center Intrinsic Religiosity Scale for Clinicians, and Rotter's Locus of Control Scale. Over 68% of sampled surgeons affirmed that their religious beliefs play a part in their practice, 47% attend religious services at least weekly, and 44% pray daily. There was no correlation between locus of control and religiosity. These results challenge the myth of the egocentric, agnostic surgeon.
Abstract. The present study was designed to determine whether loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in the p arm of chromosome 9 in invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast is detected during the neoplastic progression of the disease. Using laser capture microdissection (LCM) epithelial cells were isolated from 14 invasive ductal carcinoma cases (IDC), ductal carcinomas in situ (DCIS), normal mammary lobules, skin and/or lymph nodes of paraffin embedded tissue sections. LOH analysis of chromosome 9p was performed utilizing the microsatellite markers D9S199, D9S157, D9S171, D9S265 and D9S270. The highest frequency of LOH was observed in invasive ductal carcinomas, which reached a maximum at the 9p22-23 chromosomal location (D9S157). In addition, DCIS lesions presented a high frequency of LOH in 9p22-23 (D9S157), followed by 9p21 (D9S171), D9S199 and D9S265, which were similar in frequency to those observed in IDC. A novel finding was the intralesional heterogeneity in LOH within the same DCIS or IDC case. This is an indication that clones of cells that differ in genetic composition coexist in the same lesion. Notably, phenotypically normal breast tissues adjacent to IDC or DCIS exhibited LOH at D9S157 and/or D9S171. Together, these data indicate that LOH of chromosome arm 9p occurs very early in the progression of cancer and that different clones of cells co-exist within a single tumor. IntroductionHuman cancer arises through the accumulation of genetic alterations in multiple oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. However, the exact timing of the majority of molecular genetic events during carcinogenesis and their correlation with defined histopathological stages are largely unknown. (1-7). Invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) of the breast is the result of a multistep process, beginning with ductal hyperplasia and followed by atypical ductal hyperplasia, ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), invasive ductal carcinoma and metastatic disease (1-3). Previous studies in the literature (8-10) indicate that alterations in the p arm of chromosome 9 may be a common denominator in human cancer, and may have a role in the early stages of breast cancer, including ductal hyperplasia and DCIS (11)(12)(13)(14). Of interest is the finding that loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in the p arm of chromosome 9 may be involved in the pathogenesis of breast cancer (15)(16)(17)(18)(19).In the present study, laser capture microdissection (LCM) was used to analyze paraffin-embedded tissues of the normal breast, ductal hyperplasia, DCIS and IDC to obtain DNA from selected populations of cells for molecular genetic analysis (20)(21)(22). LCM was used in order to obtain cells with a high degree of purity in their phenotypes, without contamination of stromal, inflammatory or other cells that could interfere with final conclusions of molecular analysis. The isolated cells representing different stages of breast cancer progression were used for detecting LOH using five microsatellite markers: D9S199, D9S 157, D9S 171, D9S265 and D9S270. The present study was conducte...
Previous studies have indicated that total nucleolar area and volume remain constant regardless of the number of nucleoli. The question remains whether this relationship is valid for mass. To answer this, total nucleolar mass values were obtained from nuclei of living mesothelial cells in culture possessing one to four nucleoli. The nucleolar mass was calculated using interferometry. The mean total nucleolar dry mass for cells with one, two, three, and four nucleoli was 40 x 10(-12)gm, 38.4 x 10(-12)gm, 39.1 x 10(-12)gm, and 41.4 x 10(-12)gm, respectively. These data suggest that on the average, each cell had approximately the same total nucleolar dry mass regardless of the number of nucleoli. In an additional study, interferometry was employed to reveal changes in nucleolar mass and concentration during a seven-hour period. It was concluded that the nucleolus is a dynamic organelle, with its total mass varying in time from an average 40 x 10(-12)gm with a mean concentration of 22.2gm/100cm3.
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