Absrracr: Transmining information with accuracy is very vifal in any communication system. For this reason, the forward error correction schemes are widely used lo lower fhe error probability and hence increase the transmission accuracy. Reed Solomon is one of the most widely used forward error correcting block codes, and is capable of detecting and correcting mulfiple ertors particularly focusing on burst errors.
This paper presents a shortened (48,38) Reed
Solomon (RS) forward error-correcting code from hardware's implemenfation point of view.Detailed mathematical equations explaining the algorifhm are also included in the paper. MATLAE, Fixed point C and Verilog implementation of fhe algorithm has also been tested and verified for a noisy channel as well.
Energy Ladder Hypothesis (ELH) explains the relationship between income and households' decision to use dirty or clean energy sources for the purpose of cooking, heating, and lightening. Therefore, the underlying research paper aims to estimate the validation of the ELH in Pakistan, moreover, to estimate the other socioeconomic factors which influence the households' decision to use energy sources. We have used HIES . The findings identify that ELH holds in Pakistan, which explains that the increase in income level drives households to shift from dirty energy (firewood, dung cake, charcoal, agriculture waste) utilization to the clean energy sources (electricity, and gas). Moreover, higher quintiles of income are found using cleaner energy sources than the bottom income quintiles. ELH holds by using income quintiles. Other factors such as household characteristics (family size, dependency ratio, education, gender, and locational dwelling) are found influencing the decision to use dirty or clean energy sources.
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