The heat island phenomenon in major cities is partly due to the excessive use of concrete and brick, which causes many problems regarding thermal comfort and energy expenditure. The thermal behaviour of the envelope wall material depends on its density, heat capacity, and thermal conductivity, and its effect on the heat island intensity (HII) is reported in this paper. Experiments and simulations were carried out on the four most popular building materials: brick, aerated concrete, wood with glass-wool insulation, and glass fibre-reinforced concrete with glass-wool insulation, with each material having a dimension of 1 m × 1 m. Experiments to analyse the thermal behaviour of the wall materials were performed by exposing each material to heat radiation from 2 × 1000 W halogen lamps for 4 h, followed by 4 h of cooling. The HII simulations were carried out in a simple urban kampong in a tropical area using Energy2D software. Heat flow analyses confirmed the thermal behaviour of the four walls, which can be categorised into two types: heat storage of block wall (BW) type and heat flow inhibition of insulated sandwich wall (ISW) type. The BW type showed 0.32 °C higher indoor air temperature than the ISW type, while the HII simulation showed ISW to be 0.74 °C higher than BW; however, both types increase the intensity and need mitigation treatment. The results of this study are important for the technological approach for dealing with local warming to lower the energy expenditure of poor people in an urban area. Keywords Urban heat island • Thermal behaviour • Block wall type • Insulated sandwich wall • Urban kampong List of symbols ρ Density c Specific heat κ Thermal conductivity avg Average density c avg Average specific heat avg Average thermal conductivity T so Outer surface temperature T si Inner surface temperature T m1 Temperature of the core wall at a depth of 2.5 cm T m2 Temperature of the core wall at a depth of 7.5 cm T m3 Temperature of the core wall at a depth of 12.5 cm P so Heat flow at outer surface P m1 Heat flow at a depth of 2.5 cm P m2 Heat flow at a depth of 7.5 cm P m3 Heat flow at a depth of 12.5 cm P si Heat flow at inner surface T ao Outdoor air temperature T ai Indoor air temperature T ac Outdoor air temperature above the canopy layer
The visual environment in the development of urban areas plays an essential role, especially in the case of Transit-Oriented Development (TOD). The development of TOD facilitates many human activities, so it requires a high-quality visual environment. This study aims to identify and map visual environment phenomena that occur in TOD using a keyword from eight TOD principles and analyze through a systematic review method. Two hundred sixty articles are selected from scopus.com and go through the analysis process, and only 31 articles used in this review. The results arranged based on its importance at TOD: visual performance, visual comfort, and visual experience. Based on the phenomena in visual performance, stakeholders must consider the fulfilment of users activities, namely cyclist, elderly, and pedestrian. Based on phenomena in visual comfort, stakeholders must consider all places in the urban area, namely neighbourhood, building, and street. Lastly, based on phenomena in visual experience, stakeholders must consider the effect on the health, social life and safety of users and also the face of the city. The purpose of this mapping is to raise awareness of its importance and drive more research in the field of the visual environment in urban areas. The stakeholders can consider this mapping to determine the TOD development policy.
In recent decades places that use attractive urban lighting to attract visitors have emerged. This shows a shift in lighting, giving the impression of a place, nocturnal image, and attracting attention. The purpose of this paper is to explore places, activities, and impressions of attractive urban lighting to see its potential in improving city visuals at night. The data was collected through an online questionnaire distributed by a non-random snowball sampling method from 126 respondents. The analysis was carried out in stages, starting with content analysis and continued with correspondence analysis and hierarchical clustering. The results showed that places with attractive urban lighting could be grouped into seven categories of place, ten categories of activity, six categories of impression. Three models are formed from these themes, namely cognitive image, unique images, and affective image, which will form an overall image of attractive urban lighting as the new destination branding.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.