+ T-cell lymphoma, and six CD30 + lymphoproliferative disorders (three lymphomatoid papulosis and three anaplastic large-cell lymphomas). In addition, 43 samples from patients with ID were identified.The performance of the HTS TRB technique for CTCL diagnosis was analysed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves on 101 cases of CTCL and 43 of ID. As shown in Figure 1(a, b), the TCF showed the highest diagnostic performance, with an area under curve of 0Á96, vs. 0Á93 for RPF. TCF and RPF values by definite diagnostic categories are shown in Figure 1(c, d).With 5% and 25% TCF thresholds, the specificities for CTCL diagnosis were 95% and 100%, and sensitivity 89% and 50%, respectively. Such a high specificity allows early identification of CTCL in difficult cases. One of our patients had a skin biopsy showing spongiotic dermatitis 2 years before a definite SS diagnosis. Retrospectively, HTS performed at that time already showed a TCF of 59% in skin, which corresponds on the ROC curve to a specificity of 100% and a sensitivity of 84%. Only two patients without CTCL (dermatitis and prurigo) had a TCF > 5% in skin: one died of a stroke and the other is still alive 2 years after the diagnosis. There was a significant Spearman correlation between TCF and blood tumour burden in patients with SS (absolute numbers of CD4 + CD26 À T cells, r = 0Á59, P < 0Á001; CD4 + CD7 À , r = 0Á45, P = 0Á01; CD4 + CD158k + , r = 0Á4, P = 0Á03). Clonality analyses in skin and blood were performed by HTS TRB and PCR of TRG in nine patients with SS. Both techniques identified an identical T-cell clone in all blood-skin couples of samples, except in one blood sample in which a dominant T-cell clone was identified by HTS TRB, identical to the skin, but no dominant Tcell clone was identified by PCR.In conclusion, the TCF of TRB determined by HTS was a robust criterion for CTCL diagnosis, and especially useful for early-stage MF, with 95% specificity and 89% sensitivity at the 5% threshold. This compares with 88% specificity and 72% sensitivity using PCR of TRG. 8 This threshold is identical to that used in the study by Sufficool et al., 7 who used HTS of TRG and found 85% sensitivity for CTCL diagnosis (specificity was not analysed because no cases of ID were included). Rea et al. 8 used HTS TRB clonality score and found 100% specificity and 68% sensitivity at the 0Á175 cutoff. In our dataset, clonality score was less accurate than TCF. Further multicentre prospective studies are needed to validate international criteria for T-cell clonality analysis by HTS of TCR genes in the diagnosis of CTCL.
Since the onset of the COVID‐19 pandemic, the growing body of literature has largely focused on the adult population. Reported symptoms among children appear to be consistent with those in adults, including fever, respiratory symptoms, and gastrointestinal symptoms, though children may experience an overall milder disease course. Viral exanthems with possible association to COVID‐19 have been reported in pediatric patients. We describe a 10‐month‐old boy with Gianotti‐Crosti syndrome in the setting of recent SARS‐CoV‐2 RT‐PCR positive testing to increase physician awareness and add to the collection of cutaneous manifestations of COVID‐19.
Document recommendation systems for locating relevant literature have mostly relied on methods developed a decade ago. This is largely due to the lack of a large offline gold-standard benchmark of relevant documents that cover a variety of research fields such that newly developed literature search techniques can be compared, improved and translated into practice. To overcome this bottleneck, we have established the RElevant LIterature SearcH consortium consisting of more than 1500 scientists from 84 countries, who have collectively annotated the relevance of over 180 000 PubMed-listed articles with regard to their respective seed (input) article/s. The majority of annotations were contributed by highly experienced, original authors of the seed articles. The collected data cover 76% of all unique PubMed Medical Subject Headings descriptors. No systematic biases were observed across different experience levels, research fields or time spent on annotations. More importantly, annotations of the same document pairs contributed by different scientists were highly concordant. We further show that the three representative baseline methods used to generate recommended articles for evaluation (Okapi Best Matching 25, Term Frequency–Inverse Document Frequency and PubMed Related Articles) had similar overall performances. Additionally, we found that these methods each tend to produce distinct collections of recommended articles, suggesting that a hybrid method may be required to completely capture all relevant articles. The established database server located at https://relishdb.ict.griffith.edu.au is freely available for the downloading of annotation data and the blind testing of new methods. We expect that this benchmark will be useful for stimulating the development of new powerful techniques for title and title/abstract-based search engines for relevant articles in biomedical research.
Purpose Psoriasis is a complex immunological skin disease. However, whether humoral autoimmunity is involved in the pathogenesis of psoriasis remains unclear. The aim is to determine if there are autoantibodies associated with disease activity of psoriasis. Experimental Design A novel autoantigen array harboring 75 antigens is developed to discover autoantibodies in the serum of psoriasis patients (N = 12) compared to healthy controls (N = 12). Validation studies are performed in a larger cohort of psoriasis patients (N = 73) and healthy controls (N = 75) together with atopic dermatitis as disease controls (N = 10). Results The screening results demonstrate that immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) anti‐gliadin autoantibodies are significantly elevated in the serum of psoriasis patients, compared to healthy controls. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis indicates that IgG4 anti‐gliadin autoantibody levels can clearly discriminate psoriasis patients from healthy controls with an AUC of 0.98 (p < 0.001). Also, IgG4 anti‐gliadin autoantibody can reflect disease severity with the psoriasis area severity index score in a subpopulation of psoriasis patients. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance These results suggest that IgG4 anti‐gliadin autoantibody may be a disease marker of psoriasis, and it may be useful in clinical diagnostics and disease monitoring of psoriasis. Clinical Relevance This work represents a relatively comprehensive screening of autoantibodies, that is, IgG4 autoantibodies in psoriasis using an in‐house autoantigen array. This novel proteomic platform may be useful in clinical screening of IgG type or IgG4 subtype autoantibodies in psoriasis patients for disease monitoring or drug responses. Particularly, IgG4 anti‐gliadin autoantibody, as a new potential disease marker of psoriasis, may be useful in clinical diagnostics or prognostics of related immunological disorders.
2 Kraigher O, Wohl Y, Gat A, et al. A mixed immunoblistering disorder exhibiting features of bullous pemphigoid and pemphigus foliaceus associated with Spirulina algae intake. Int J Dermato. 2008; 47: 61-63. 3 Xue X, Lv Y, Liu Q, et al. Extracellular polymeric substance from Aphanizomenon flos-aquae induces apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway in A431 human epidermoid carcinoma cells. Exp Ther Med 2015; 10: 927-932. 4 Li B, Chu X, Gao M, et al. Apoptotic mechanism of MCF-7 breast cells in vivo and in vitro induced by photodynamic therapy with C-phycocyanin. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin 2010; 42: 80-89. 5 de Sena Nogueira Maehara L, Huizinga J, Jonkman MF. Rituximab therapy in pemphigus foliaceus: report of 12 cases and review of recent literature. Br
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