The fabrication of hetero-structured vertically aligned nanowire arrays and enzyme immobilization on their surface is presented for a glucose sensor with high sensitivity. Hetero-structured nanowires of gold and platinum are fabricated by hybrid polycarbonate membrane assembly and electrochemical deposition processes and glucose oxidase are attached on their surface by covalent immobilization. Platinum and gold hetero-structured nanoelectrodes with enzyme are evaluated to detect hydrogen peroxide produced in the enzyme reaction without the need for the artificial redox mediator, which is not viable on a homogenous gold electrode. Chronoamperometric current behavior is demonstrated with various concentrations from 0.5 mM to 28 mM. In this research, the combination of enzyme immobilization and sensing surfaces on nanowire arrays has shown superior performance with regards to the sensitivity and response time.
MBI). The electric interface involves connecting neurons Abstract-Neural prosthetic devices are artificial extensions of selectively as possible. The advancement of microelectronics body parts which allow a disabled individual to restore the body contributed many neural prosthetics such as cochlear implants functions. Electrical interface using a neuroelectronic device is and neuroprostheses of arm and leg and retinal prosthesis.the key to restore the disabled body functions. Also, in vivo monitoring of the electrical signals from multiple cells as well as Many efforts have been devoted to develop hybrid systems from multiple locations from a single cell during nerve excitation that can link the human nervous systems with the electronic and cell-to-cell communication are important for design and prostheses to restore motor and sensory functions in patients development of novel materials and methods for laboratory with spinal cord injuries, brain injuries and neurodegenerative analysis. In-vitro biological applications such as drug screening disorders. This interface substitutes the peripheral nervous and cell separation also require cell-based biosensors. The system (PNS) sensory motor functions in patients with
Innovations in microfabricated analytical devices integrated with microelectronic circuits and biological cells show promising results in detection, diagnosis and analysis. Planar metallic microelectrodes are widely used for the electrical interface with the biological cells. Issues with the current microelectrode array design are the difficulty in selective integration with a cell, the size dependency of its impedance and the large amount of noise in the circuit due to this mismatch. It is quite evident that an approach utilising nanotechnology can solve some of these problems by yielding efficient electrical interconnections. The design and development of a planar microelectrode array integrated with vertically aligned nanowires for lab-on-a-chip (LoC) device applications are presented. The nanowire integrated microelectrode arrays for LoC devices show promising results with respect to impedance control due to increased surface area. The authors have fabricated nanowire integrated microelectrode arrays on silicon and flexible polymer substrates using the template method. A high degree of specific growth is achieved by controlling the nanowire synthesis parameters. An attempt has been made to integrate biological cells into the nanowires by culturing endothelial cells onto the microelectrode array.
The brain and the human nervous system are perhaps the most researched but least understood components of the human body. This is so because of the complex nature of its working and the high density of functions. The monitoring of neural signals could help one better understand the working of the brain and newer recording and monitoring methods have been developed ever since it was discovered that the brain communicates internally by means of electrical pulses. Neuroelectronics is the field which deals with the interface between electronics or semiconductors to living neurons. This includes monitoring of electrical activity from the brain as well as the development of feedback devices for stimulation of parts of the brain for treatment of disorders. In this paper these electrical signals are modeled through a nano/microelectrode arrays based on the electronic equivalent model using Cadence PSD 15.0. The results were compared with those previously published models such as Kupfmuller and Jenik's model, McGrogan's Neuron Model which are based on the Hodgkin and Huxley model. We have developed and equivalent circuit model using discrete passive components to simulate the electrical activity of the neurons. The simulated circuit can be easily be modified by adding some more ionic channels and the results can be used to predict necessary external stimulus needed for stimulation of neurons affected by the Parkinson's disease (PD). Implementing such a model in PD patients could predict the necessary voltages required for the electrical stimulation of the sub-thalamus region for the control tremor motion.
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