Pharmacovigilance (PV) has grown significantly in India in the last couple of decades. The etymological roots for the word “pharmacovigilance” are “Pharmakon” (Greek for drug) and “Vigilare” (Latin for to keep watch). It relies on information gathered from the collection of individual case safety reports and other pharmacoepidemiological data. The PV data processing cycle starts with data collection in computerized systems followed by complete data entry which includes adverse event coding, drug coding, causality and expectedness assessment, narrative writing, quality control, and report submissions followed by data storage and maintenance. A case processor plays an important role in conducting these various tasks. The case processor should also manage drug safety information, possess updated knowledge about global drug safety regulations, summarize clinical safety data, participate in meetings, write narratives with medical input from a physician, report serious adverse events to the regulatory authorities, participate in the training of operational staff on drug safety issues, quality control work of other staff in the department, and take on any other task as assigned by the manager or medical director within the capabilities of the drug safety associate. There can be challenges while handling all these tasks at a time, hence the associate will have to maintain a balance to overcome them and keep on updating their knowledge on drug safety regulations, which in turn, would help in increasing their learning curve.
The global food system is an important contributor to greenhouse gas emissions that are responsible for climate change. Animal agriculture is responsible for a large share of the food- system emissions, both directly and through the production of animal feed.(1) Limiting global warming to the goals set forth by the international community will not be possible without rapid phasing out of animal-source food.(2)(3) Given population growth, is there a path for food system development that can be consistent with global demand for calories and protein without jeopardizing climate goals? Here we show that the rapid adoption of alternatives to animal-source foods, such as plant-based, cultured, or fermentation-derived, is consistent with climate goals, especially when combined with the transition to healthier diets and agricultural yield improvements.(4) Alternatives must achieve parity with animal-source foods, which means matching their price, taste, and other attributes. Delaying the introduction of alternatives at parity, even by a few years, makes a big difference in total greenhouse gas emissions from the food industry. To our knowledge, this is the first study to quantify greenhouse gas emissions across a variety of scenarios involving the transition from animal-source foods to alternatives in a global context and across all food groups. Moreover, we carefully model the transition to alternatives using conventional product adoption modeling. Our results point to the urgent need for large-scale acceleration of innovation in alternatives to animal-source food to achieve parity as soon as possible in order to allow for rapid adoption of such alternatives in time to limit global warming to 1.5 degrees C by 2100 with a 66% probability. For such acceleration, policy interventions analogous to those provided for alternative energy are needed to create innovation-friendly environment
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