Development of nanoemulsion is gaining considerable attention for use in delivering hydrophobic constituents such as clove oil in foods and agriculture system. The small size of the oil droplets in the nanoemulsion system offers many advantages such as high stability, optical clarity, and improved water solubility and bioactivity. This research was aimed at investigating the effect of incorporation of carrier oil and co-solvent on the formation of clove nanoemulsion. Clove oil-loaded nanoemulsions were prepared by a low energy – phase inversion technique involving a carrier oil (medium chain triglyceride/MCT), at different ratios to the clove oil (1:2, 1:1, 2:1), a co-solvent (glycerol) at ratios of 0 and 1:1 to the mixture of clove oil and MCT and a non-ionic surfactant (Tween 80)at a ratio of 1:1, with two concentration levels of mixture of clove oil and MCT (5% and 10%). The formation and characteristics of nanoemulsion were evaluated including particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, and freeze-thaw stability, as well as their possible mechanisms of destabilization. Particle sizes ranged from 45.98 to 220 nm with narrow ranges of polydispersity index (0.072 – 0.286) and zeta potentials (-12.8 and - 22.6 mV). Incorporation of carrier oil at low proportions gave smaller size of oil droplets, and the presence co-solvent enhanced nanoemulsion stabilization. Creaming accompanied by oiling- off was found upon destabilization of nanoemulsion with different rate and appearance as influenced by nanoemulsion composition. This study provides important information about stabilization of nanoemulsion by incorporating carrier oil and co-solvent suitable for foods and agrochemical formulation.
ABSTRAKNilam (Pogostemon cablin) merupakan tanaman penting yang memiliki nilai ekonomi karena kemampuannya memproduksi minyak esensial, yaitu minyak nilam. Hama dan penyakit dapat berkontribusi terhadap rendahnya produksi minyak nilam di Indonesia. Potyvirus telah diidentifikasi merupakan salah satu penyebab penyakit mosaik pada nilam. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi kutudaun yang berasosiasi pada tanaman nilam dan untuk mempelajari hubungan antara spesies kutudaun dan virus mosaik. Dua spesies kutudaun yang paling banyak ditemukan pada pertanaman nilam di Indonesia ialah Aphis gossypii dan Brachycaudus sp. Studi lebih lanjut pada kemampuan A. gossypii menularkan Potyvirus mengungkapkan adanya hubungan non persisten dengan periode puasa optimum 25 menit, periode makan akuisisi 15 menit, dan periode makan inokulasi optimum 4 jam.Kata kunci: Aphis gossypii, Brachycaudus, nilam, Pogostemon cablin, Potyvirus ABSTRACT Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin) is an economically important plant due to its capability to produce essential oil, i.e. patchouli oil. Pest and diseases may contribute to low production of patchouli oil in Indonesia. Aphids are commonly found associated with patchouli plants showing mosaic symptoms, indicated possible relationship between aphids and mosaic virus. Early diagnosis showed that mosaic disease on patchouli is caused by Potyvirus infection. A study was conducted to identify those aphid species and to examine relationship between the aphid species and mosaic virus. Two aphid species commonly found in patchouli plants in Indonesia are Aphis gossypii and Brachycaudus sp. Further study on the ability of A. gossypii to transmit Potyvirus revealed the possible non-persistent relationship, with 25 min optimum pre-acquisition starvation, 15 min acquisition period and 4 hours optimum inoculation feeding period, respectively.
<p>ABSTRAK</p><p>Minyak atsiri dan ekstrak dari beberapa tanaman telah banyakditeliti sebagai bahan pestisida nabati dan telah tersedia secara komersial.Beberapa penelitian menunjukkan daun salam memiliki aktivitas antijamurdan antibakteri. Jeruk purut mengandung citronella yang dikenal bersifatantijamur. Penelitian yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh ekstrakmetanol daun salam dan daun jeruk purut terhadap pertumbuhan Fusariumoxysporum telah dilakukan di laboratorium penyakit Balittro pada bulanJanuari sampai Februari 2008. Penelitian ini terdiri dari tiga kegiatan : (1)Uji ekstrak metanol daun salam dan jeruk purut terhadap pertumbuhanvegetatif F. oxysporum pada media padat. Parameter yang diamati adalahdiameter pertumbuhan F. oxysporum. (2) Uji ekstrak metanol daun salamdan jeruk purut terhadap pertumbuhan generatif F. oxysporum pada mediacair. Parameter yang diamati adalah jumlah konidia yang diproduksi danberat hifa. (3) Uji ekstrak metanol daun salam dan jeruk purut terhadappenghambatan perkecambahan konidia F. oxysporum. Perkecambahankonidia diamati pada 0, 2, dan 4 jam setelah perlakuan. Rancangan yangdigunakan dalam ketiga kegiatan tersebut adalah rancangan acak lengkap,dengan tiga ulangan. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak metanoldaun salam menghambat pertumbuhan vegetatif F. oxysporum. Persentasepenghambatan tertinggi adalah 57,16% pada konsentrasi 5%. Pada mediacair, ekstrak daun salam efektif menurunkan jumlah konidia dan berat hifa.Ekstrak daun salam juga mampu menghambat perkecambahan spora.Persentase penghambatan perkecambahan konidia pada perlakuan ekstrakdaun salam 3% sebesar 84,67% setelah 4 jam inkubasi. Ekstrak metanoldaun jeruk purut konsentrasi 5% efektif menghambat pertumbuhanvegetatif F. oxysporum pada media padat dengan persentasepenghambatan 95,60 %. Pada media cair, ekstrak jeruk purut (semuakonsentrasi yang diuji) juga mampu menurunkan jumlah konidia dan berathifa. Selain itu, ekstrak metanol daun jeruk purut juga efektif menghambatperkecambahan konidia F. oxysporum hingga 77,00 % setelah 4 jaminkubasi.</p><p>Kata kunci : Eugenia polyantha, Cytrus histrix, F. oxysporum, metanol,penghambatan</p><p>ABSTRACT</p><p>The Effectiveness of Methanol Extract of Bay Leaf(Eugenia polyantha) and Kaffir Lime Leaf (Cytrushistrix) as Antifungal on Growth of F. oxysporum</p><p>Essential oils extracted from many plants have been investigated forbotanical pesticide source. There are several commercial pesticidescontaining essential oil. Kaffir lime containing citronella is known asantifungal material. Many research showed that bay leaf has antifungal andantibacterial activity. The objective of this research was to find out theeffect of metanol extracts of bay and kaffir lime leaves on F. oxysporumgrowth. The experiment was conducted from January to February 2008 atPhytopathology Laboratory of Indonesian Medicinal and Aromatic CropsResearch Institute (IMACRI). The experiment was consisted of 3activities : (1) Test of methanol extract of bay leaf and kaffir lime leaf onvegetative growth of F. oxysporum in solid media. Fungal colony diameterwas recorded each day. (2) Test of methanol extract of bay and kaffir limeleaves on generative growth of F. oxysporum in liquid media. Conidiaproduction and hifa weight were observed. (3) Test of methanol extract ofbay and kaffir lime leaves on inhabitation of conidia germination of F.oxysporum. The germination of conidia was observed at 0, 2, 4 hours aftertreatment. Experiment was designed using completely randomized designwith three replications. The result showed that methanol extract of bay leafinhibited the growth of F. oxysporum in solid media. The highest growthinhibition was 57.16% at 5% extract. In liquid media, methanol extract ofbay leaf decreased conidia production and hifa weight significantly.Methanol extract of bay leaf inhibited conidia germination. The percentageof inhibition of conidia germination was 84.67% at 3% extract. Methanolextract of Kaffir lime leaf inhibited the growth of F. oxysporumsignificantly. The percentage of inhibition was 95.6% at 5% extract. Inliquid media, methanol extract of kaffir lime leaf decreased conidiaproduction and hifa weight at all of concentration of extract. Methanolextract of kaffir lime leaf inhibited conidia germination. The percentage ofinhibition of conidia germination was 77.00% at 3% extract.</p><p>Key words : Eugenia polyantha, Cytrus histrix, inhibition, F. oxysporum,metanol</p>
Foot rot disease of black pepper caused by Phytophthora capsici had been reported in Batangas and Laguna, Philippines. The plant was recovered following the application of crop residue (organic substrate) and intercropping with other crops. This study was aimed to isolate, identify, and determine the soil mycoflora from the rhizosphere of black pepper grown on various cropping patterns in Batangas and Laguna. Antagonistic activity of mycoflora isolates was tested against P. capsici using dual culture technique. The result showed that 149 colonies of soil mycoflora isolated were belonging to 14 genera; three of them, i.e. Penicillium, Paecilomyces and Aspergillus, were the most dominant. All of the mycoflora isolates were able to inhibit the growth of the pathogen. Eighteen of them were the most promising antagonists, based on their inhibition growth of more than 60%. It is suggested that antagonistic mechanism of Mucor isolate (1001), Trichoderma (125, 170, 171, 179, 180, 181), Gliocladium (109), Cunninghamella (165, 168), Mortierella (177), and Aspergillus (106) was space competitor (competition for nutrient) since they rapidly overgrew the pathogen. Aspergillus (67, 79, 81, 83, 108, and 202) isolates inhibited the pathogen apparently by producing antibiotic, whereas Trichoderma (125, 170, 171, 179, 180, and 181) isolates were able to penetrate the hyphae of the pathogen. The organic matter percentage in the soil was significantly correlated with the number of antagonistic mycoflora in rhizosphere (R2 = 0.1094), but the cropping pattern was negatively correlated. This study suggests that organic matter increased antagonistic mycoflora in black pepper rhizosphere, which will reduce severity of the disease.
<p><em>Black pod disease caused by </em>Phytophthora palmivora<em> is a significant disease on cocoa crops worldwide. Citronella and geraniol are two dominant substances of citronella oil that have fungicidal activity, which is potentially used to control black pod disease. However, those two substances are relatively unstable form volatile. To improve stability can be done using nanotechnology. The study aimed to analyze the effectiveness of citronella-oil-nanoemulsions formulas on the growth of </em>P. palmivora<em> in vitro and on cocoa pods. Eight nano formulas were prepared at the Postharvest Center in Bogor; however, the effectiveness was conducted at the Indonesian Industrial and Beverage Crops Research Institute in Sukabumi. The nano formula was prepared following spontaneous, simultaneous, and inversion methods. The experiments were designed in a completely randomized design, with five replications. Eight treatments were evaluated, i.e., the inversion formulas (F1, F2, F5 & F7), spontaneous (F3, F6 & F8), and simultaneous (F4). Two concentration levels of the formula were tested, i.e., 0.5% for in vitro and 1.0% in cacao pods. The variables observed were the inhibition rate of formula, bioassay, concentration, and inhibition rate on cacao pods. The nanoemulsion formulas of citronella oil could inhibit 23.13%–77.78% of the growth of </em>P. palmivora<em>. Formula F5 was the best, which inhibited 77.78% growth in vitro and 31.60% in cacao pods. The nanoemulsions of citronella oil affected the growth rate, fresh weight, and dry weight of </em>P. palmivora<em>. For better effectiveness of the formula on cocoa pods, the concentration should be increased.</em></p>
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