Phenolic compounds in black currants of three Finnish cultivars and their response to growth latitude and weather conditions were analyzed over a six-year period. 'Melalahti' had lower contents of total phenolic compounds (31.4% and 29.2% lower than 'Mortti' and 'Ola', respectively), total anthocyanins (32.6% and 30.5%), and total hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives (23.1% and 23.8%) (p < 0.05) and was less affected by growth latitude and weather conditions than 'Mortti' and 'Ola'. However, all the cultivars grown at higher latitude (66°34' N) had lower contents of total flavonols, total anthocyanins, and total phenolic compounds than those grown at lower latitude (60°23' N) (p < 0.05). The content of total hydroxycinnamic acid conjugates did not vary in 'Melalahti' (p > 0.05) but increased as the latitude increased in 'Mortti' and 'Ola' (p < 0.05). Temperature and radiation were the major weather variables influencing the composition of phenolic compounds. Delphinidin-3-O-glucoside, delphinidin-3-O-rutinoside, and myricetin-3-O-glucoside content showed positive correlations with temperature and radiation in all three cultivars. The study gives important guidelines for the selection of raw materials and growth sites as well as for the berry cultivation for commercial exploitation of black currant berries.
Effects of growth latitude and weather conditions on phenolic compounds of currants (Ribes spp.) were investigated. The berries of red currant cultivar 'Red Dutch', white currant 'White Dutch', and green currant 'Vertti' were collected in seven consecutive years from two growth sites (south and north) with a latitudinal distance of 690 km. The contents of hydroxycinnamic acid conjugates and flavonol glycosides in 'Vertti' were higher than those in 'White Dutch' by 8 and 5 times, respectively, and by 50 and 3 times than those in 'Red Dutch', respectively. The total content of phenolic compounds was 10-19% higher in the north than in the south (p < 0.05). In 'Red Dutch', anthocyanins were 12% richer in berries from the north compared with those from the south (p < 0.05). The total content of hydroxycinnamic acid conjugates in 'Vertti' and 'White Dutch' from the north was 30% higher than those from the south (p < 0.05). High radiation and temperature were associated with low contents of the major phenolic compounds in all the cultivars studied. High humidity correlated with low levels of hydroxycinnamic acid conjugates in green and white currants.
Streptomyces spp. isolates obtained from peat effectively inhibited the growth of Alternaria brassicicola Wiltshire, Fusarium culmorum (W. G. Smith) Sacc., F. sulphureum Schlechtendahl, Pythium debaryanum auct. non Hesse and Rhizoctonia solani Kühn on PDA medium, but Streptomyces spp. isolates from fine sand soil were not effective against F. culmorum compared to the strains isolated from peat. Treatment of cauliflower seeds with Streptomyces spp. isolated from peat effectively controlled damping-off caused by A. brassicicola and R. solani when the seedlings were grown on either disinfected or fresh peat. Spraying the seeding layer of the peat substrate with a suspension of Streptomyces reduced the mortality of barley sprouts and foot rot caused by F. culmorum, and damping-off on sugar beet caused by P. debaryanum.
The impact of climatic change in 1971-2040 on the potential production areas and risks to nine apple cultivars (Malus domestica Borkh.) was studied over continental Finland using agro-climatic indices and gridded daily mean (T m ) and minimum temperatures from the Rossby Centre regional atmospheric climate model (RCA3) with SRES A2. Point data on daily minimum temperatures from 14 weather stations and low and high warming scenarios were also used. From the 1970's to the present day, the areas of successful maturing of fruits have strongly expanded northwards. It is predicted that in 2011-2040, the warming of climate will allow expansion of commercial production in the south-eastern lake area, and a wider selection of cultivars for home gardens up to latitudes 65-66°N. Risk of extremely low temperatures (T m < -26 °C) has reduced from 1980's to the present but may not reduce much more in 2011-2040. Risk to shoots from fluctuating temperatures in winter and spring is likely to increase under the high warming scenario, more in the south-west than in the south-east. Risk to trees from cold days (T m < -15 °C) with a concurrent thin snow cover is not predicted to increase. In the western inland of the country, below latitude 63°N, and in the south-western coast areas the frost risk during flowering may increase, especially in the early flowering cultivars. In order to adapt to and gain from the climatic change, breeding and testing targets should be modified within five years and they should include reduced sensitivity to temperature fluctuation in winter, late flowering, and frost tolerance of flowers.
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