Liquid loading is a common problem in mature gas wells which due to low pressures in the reservoir, liquid phase cannot be lifted to the well head. In gas wells, foamer injection is one of the method to mitigate liquid loading and increase the stable gas production. In this study a modified version of the Bikerman gas sparging setup was designed to evaluate the foamers performance at conditions which are more representative to the ones in fields, such as higher pressures and temperatures. The effect of different parameters on foam performance is studied. The study covers the effect of pressure, temperature, hydrocarbon fraction and foamer agitation velocity on the foam performance. Three tests were performed to quantify the foamer performance; foam buildup, collapse and liquid carryover tests. It is shown that performing evaluation tests at temperatures and hydrocarbon fractions close to the field conditions is inevitable. These results could be used as a basis to improve the current foamer testing methods. The same procedure could be used for surfactants evaluation for Enhanced-oil recovery (EOR) application.
The dematerialisation of music consumption is a well evidenced and widely accepted trend. Though much literature has been produced discussing the economic and legal implications of this significant shift for the music industry, its impact on listening practices and consequent considerations for interface design are less well researched. This paper outlines the development of a prototype system that explores, symbolically, the interplay between contemporary dematerialised modes of music consumption with listening traditions of the recent past. A pre-internet age metronome was repurposed as a tangible interface for a custom music player containing 25 songs, drawn from the period 1940 to 2012. Together, the controller and software reflect through sound, graphics and physicality the progress of Western commercial music, technology and society over this time. CCS CONCEPTS • Applied computing → Sound and music computing; • Human-centered computing → Interface design prototyping; Social content sharing;
In mature gas wells which are suffering from liquid loading, foamer injection is employed to mitigate the liquid loading and increase the stable gas production. Evaluation of the foamers performance and their chemical stability prior to their injection in the wells is of great importance. For this purpose, laboratory tests are performed to give an indication on the foamers performance. In this study, we focus on the effect of hydrocarbon fractions (condensate/brine ratio) and temperature (up to 120 °C) on the foamer performance in laboratory tests. A modified version of the Bikerman gas sparging setup was designed to allow for tests at higher pressures (up to 15 barg) and temperatures (up to 150 °C), compared to the currently available test setups. Three tests were performed to quantify the foamer performance; foam buildup, collapse and liquid carryover tests. The results indicated that higher hydrocarbon fraction significantly reduces the foam formation rate and liquid unloading capabilities. The current work highlights the importance of using a representative brine-hydrocarbon ratio for foamer evaluation tests. Additionally, on the effect of temperature, three different foamers were studied and the results showed a significant negative influence of high temperature on the foamer performance. It was observed that the effect of temperature on foamer performance is surfactant dependent. Therefore, it is essential to evaluate foamers in the laboratory tests at the temperatures as close as possible to the field (downhole) temperature.
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