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Background: Depression is a common cause of poor health throughout the world. Genotype factors and cultural environment will interact to influence the psychodynamics of a person's behaviour in expressing depression.Aim: This paper aims to describe the influence of cultural factors on a person's psychodynamics and clinical appearance of depression.Methods: PubMed were searched using the following keyword: (culture) AND (expression of depression OR expression OR clinical appearance) AND (psychodynamic) AND (psychometrics) using the journal publication filter for the 2014-2020 issue. We also used textbooks published in the last 10 years and were related to writing themes.Review: Every individual has "internal" and "external" views within him, which are influenced by the culture in which he grows and develops. These views, along with beliefs, religions, and gender differences can influence the type and severity of depression as well as variations in clinical appearance. In addition, most of the existing psychometrics developed in Europe and the United States, so there are some items that are not appropriate when applied in different cultures. In Indonesia there is an Indonesian Depression Checklist that has been adapted to Indonesian culture to detect depression. Physicians must avoid stereotyping members of certain cultural groups while respecting the importance of cultural influences.Summary: Psychodynamics and culture will influence behaviour in response to distress, resulting in clinical vary features of depression across cultures. Health care workers must have the cultural competence to sharpen their analytical power and avoid misdiagnosis of depression.Keywords: culture, depression, expression, psychodynamics, psychometrics.

Parental Alienation Syndrome (PAS) is a process in which one parent (Aligned Parent) teaches his children to reject or antago- nize other parents (Rejected Parent) which results in disruption to the relationship between children and parents. PAS can be a central issue in child custody disputes and is a form of emotional abuse to children that can disrupt the process of growth and development of children and cause mental disorders in the children's future. Although there are differences of opinion about PAS, the impact can already be seen in children who are in the PAS situation. In severe PAS conditions, disorders in children can occur in the dimensions of behavior, emotions, and cognitive. In the long run, someone who has been exposed to PAS in childhood has a greater likelihood of experiencing depression, anxiety, and decreased quality of life in the future. Given the mag- nitude of the impact caused by PAS, it is necessary to do the management carried out simultaneously by mental health practition- ers, legal professionals and the court. Therapeutic interventions that can be carried out include Multi Model Family Intervention (MMFI), Family Reflections Reunification Program (FRRP), Overcoming Barriers Family Camp (OBFC), Parallel Group Ther- apy, and Family Bridges Workshop. There is no conclusion which intervention is the best. Ultimately, the goal of family therapy is to achieve and maintain healthy parent-child relationships.

Background: Schizophrenia is a chronic and serious clinical syndrome with very aggravating psychopathology involving perception, cognition, emotion, and behaviour. Currently, cognitive dysfunction is seen as a core disorder of schizophrenia. Duration of Untreated Psychosis (DUP) refers to the period from the onset of psychotic symptoms to the first adequate administration of antipsychotics.Aims: This review aims to analyse the impact of DUP on cognitive function in schizophrenia.Methods: PubMed and Google Scholar were searched using the following keyword: (cognitive function) and (neurodevelopmental OR neurotoxicity hypothesis) and (duration of untreated psychosis or DUP) and (schizophrenia or psychosis or psychotic) using the journal publication filter for the 2014-2020 issue. We also used textbooks published in the last 10 years and were related to writing themes.Review: There are two different opinions about the impact of DUP on the cognitive function of schizophrenic patients: (1) the neurodevelopmental hypothesis says there is no impact of the length of DUP on the cognitive function of schizophrenic patients; (2) the neurotoxicity hypothesis says the length of the DUP will impact the patient's cognitive function. Despite differences of opinion about the impact of DUP on cognitive function in schizophrenia, early intervention in schizophrenic patients is important because DUP is associated with worse general disease symptoms, lower likelihood of remission, more severe positive and negative symptoms, and worse social functioning and overall outcomes.Summary: There are differences of opinion about the impact of DUP on cognitive function in schizophrenic patients.