Background:Lead is one of the most toxic metals, producing severe organ damage in animals and humans. Oxidative stress is reported to play an important role in lead acetate-induced liver injury.Aim:This study was carried out to investigate the role of ethanol extract of Eucheuma cottonii in protecting against lead acetate-induced hepatotoxicity in male mice.Materials and Methods:The sample used fifty male mice which were divided into five groups: negative control (mice were given daily with Aquadest); positive control (mice were given daily with lead acetate 20 mg/kg body weight (BW) orally once in a day for 21 days); and the treatment group (mice were given E. cottonii extracts 200 mg, 400 mg, and 800 mg/kg BW orally once in a day for 25 days, and on the 4th day, were given lead acetate 20 mg/kg BW 1 h after E. cottonii extract administration for 21 days). On day 25, the levels of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamic pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were measured. The data of SGOT, SGPT, ALP, MDA, SOD, and GPx were analyzed with one-way ANOVA, followed by least significant difference test.Results:The results showed that oral administration of lead acetate 20 mg/kg BW for 21 days resulted in a significant increase in SGOT, SGPT, ALP, and MDA levels. Moreover, there was a significant decrease in SOD and GPx levels. Treatment with E. cottonii extracts of 800 mg/kg BW but not with 200 mg/kg BW and 400 mg/kg BW significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the elevated SGPT, SGOT, ALP, and MDA levels as compared to positive control group. Treatment with E. cottonii extracts of 800 mg/kg BW also showed a significant increase in SOD and GPx levels as compared to positive control group. Treating mice with lead acetate showed different histopathological changes such as loss of the normal structure of hepatic cells, blood congestion, and fatty degeneration whereas animals treated with lead acetate and E. cottonii extracts showed an improvement in these changes and the tissue appeared with normal structures.Conclusion:It can be concluded that E. cottonii extracts could be a potent natural product and can provide a promising hepatoprotective effect against lead acetate-induced hepatotoxicity in mice.SUMMARY In summary, Oxidative stress reported to play an important role in lead acetate induced liver injury. The lead acetate treatment significantly increased the SGOT, SGPT, ALP, MDA, and decreased the antioxidant enzymes (SOD and GPx) in liver. The inhibition of antioxidant enzymes will increase free radicals in liver tissues and might induce liver injury in mice. The presence of ethanol extract of Eucheuma cottonii with lead acetate showed protective effects as attenuating lead acetate against its liver toxicity, and this may be due to the activity of ethanol extract of Eucheuma cottonii as antioxidant. The antioxidant enzymes (SOD and GPx) were increased, and MDA, SGOT, SGPT, ALP were decreased after ...
This study aimed to predict the physicochemical proper es, pharmacokine c proper es (ADME), toxicity, and analgesic ac vity of 30 compounds of N-benzoylthiourea deriva ves that are poten al analgesic drugs. One of the mechanisms of ac on of N-benzoylthiourea deriva ves is the inhibi on of the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) isoenzyme. An in silico test was performed by docking a compound that would predict its ac vity with the target COX-2 isoenzyme, PDB ID: 1PXX, using the MVD (Molegro Virtual Docker) program. The result of the docking was a form of energy bond indicated by the value of the rerank score (RS), where compounds that had lower RS values were predicted to have a higher ac vity. The pkCSM and Protox online tools were used to predict various physicochemical proper es. Based on the RS values, the Nbenzoylthiourea deriva ves can be predicted to have lower analgesic ac vity than diclofenac, the reference ligand. Three of the N-benzoylthiourea deriva ves-N-(2,4-bis-trifluoromethyl)-benzoylthiourea, N- (3,, respec vely, sugges ng that these compounds were predicted to have analgesic ac vity rela vely similar to diclofenac (RS value = -95.16). Furthermore, the majority of the N-benzoylthiourea deriva ves were predicted to have good pharmacokine c proper es (ADME), and cause rela vely low toxicity.
Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak etanol 96% Sargassum polycystumterhadap bakteri Staphylococcus aureus. S.polycystumdiperoleh dariDesa Cabbiya, Kecamatan Talango, Kabupaten Sumenep, Madurayang diekstraksi dengan metode maserasi menggunakan pelarut etanol 96%. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan 5 perlakuan dan 3 kali replikasi. Masing-masing perlakuan terdiri atas ekstrak etanol 96% rumput laut coklat S. polycystumdengan konsentrasi 10% b/v, 20% b/v, 40% b/v, 80% b/v dan 100% b/v, kontrol positif yang digunakan adalah kloramfenikol 0,1%, dan kontrol negatif yang digunakan adalah pelarut yaitu etanol 96% yang digunakan sebagai pelarut ekstrak. Uji antibakteri ekstrak etanol 96% S. polycystummengunakan metode sumuran dengan jumlah bakteri yang disesuaikan dengan standar kekeruhan Mc Farland. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis statistik SPSS dengan metode One-way ANOVA. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etanol 96% rumput laut coklat S. polycystummempunyai aktivitas antibakteri terhadap S. aureus. Hasil pengukuran zona hambat yang diperoleh pada konsentrasi 10% sebesar 3,49 ± 3,55 mm; konsentrasi 20% sebesar 4,22 ± 3,91 mm; konsentrasi 40% sebesar 5,97 ± 5,09mm; konsentrasi 80% sebesar 8,41 ± 2,76 mm; dan konsentrasi 100% sebesar 11,07 ±0,07mm.
The Porphyromonasgingivalis is one of the dominant bacteria that causes chronic periodontitis. These bacteria can penetrate the gingiva and cause tissue damage directly or indirectly with the induction of inflammation. The growth of Porphyromonasgingivalis can be inhibited by administrating the active compounds from plants that have an antibacterial effect such as Calotropisgigantea leaves.This study aimed to determine the antibacterial potential of Bidurileaves (Calotropisgigantea) extract against the Porphyromonasgingivalis ATCC. In this study the Biduri leaves were extracted by maceration method using 70% ethanol solvent. The antibacterial potential test of 70% ethanol extract of Biduri leaves (with a concentration of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, and 35%) against thePorphyromonasgingivalis was carried out using dilution method with 4 times repetition on Tryptone Soy Agar (TSA) media.The results of the study were analyzed using the One Way ANOVA test showing there were significant differences in the number of Porphyromonasgingivalis ATCC 33277 colonies due to administration of 70% ethanol extract of Bidurileaves (Calotropisgigantea) with p values <0,05. The test results were continued with the Post Hoc Tamhane test to determine the significant difference of the treatment groups. Based on the results of the study it could be concluded that 70% ethanol extract of Biduri leaves (Calotropisgigantea) had antibacterial potential against Porphyromonasgingivalis ATCC 33277 starting from the smallest concentration of 5% to the highest concentration of 35%.
Skin infections most often found in developing countries, especially in the tropics, are purulent skin inflammation (pyoderma), the main cause of Staphylococcus aureus. The increasing number of cases of bacteria that are resistant to antibacterial can encourage the extraction of sources of antibacterial drugs from natural ingredients. One of the plants that is thought to have the antibacterial activity of Staphylococcus aureus is the Neem plant. In this study an antibacterial activity test was carried out with the well diffusion method from 96% ethanol extract of Mimba leaves extracted by percolation method. Previously 96% ethanol extract from Mimba leaves had been identified by secondary metabolites by phytochemical screening and standardized extract testing. Standarization using non-specific parameters (moisture content, ash content and drying losses) found that 96% ethanol extract of Mimba leaves entered a range of standard parameters and in phytochemical screening tests obtained 96% ethanol extract of Mimba leaves containing alcaloid, saponins, tannins, steroids / terpenoids and flavonoids. The results of the study on the antibacterial activity test showed a concentration of 75% ethanol extract of 96% Mimba leaves classified as having strong activity, at a concentration of 50% and 25% classified as having moderate activity. Based on this study it can be concluded that the three concentrations of 96% ethanol extract of Mimba leaves were able to inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria.
Antibiotik merupakan zat-zat kimia yang dapat menghambat dan membunuh bakteri yang digunakan masyarakat untuk menangani penyakit infeksi. Namun, penggunaan antibiotik yang tidak rasional dan tepat dapat menyebabkan resistensi bakteri terhadap antibiotik, dibuktikan dari data di Rumah Sakit Dr Kariadi yang menunjukkan bahwa semua isolat dari darah memiliki tingkat multiresisteni tinggi terhadap antibiotik yaitu 45-65%. Oleh karena itu dibutuhkan edukasi kepada masyarakat terkait bagaimana penggunaan antibiotik yang benar dan tepat kepada masyarakat. Penyuluhan diselenggarakan di kantor kelurahan Wonorejo dan dihadiri oleh 57 ibu-ibu PKK. Kegiatan ini bertujuan meningkatkan tingkat pengetahuan masyarakat Wonorejo terjadap penggunaan antibiotik yang benar. Evaluasi dilakukan dengan pengisian kuisioner sebelum dan sesudah penyuluhan dilakukan kepada masyarakat. Berdasarkan hasil kuisioner yang dianalisis diperoleh adanya peningkatan pengetahuan peserta dari kategori rendah (4,5) menjadi baik (6,8). Kegiatan penyuluhan dapat dilakukan secara rutin untuk meningkatkan kesadaran masyarakat dalam penggunaan antibiotik secara tepat.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kemampuan Na-alginat yang berasal dari Sargassum sp sebagai gelling agent dalam sediaan emulgel minyak ikan salmon. Pembuatan formula emulgel minyak ikan salmon menggunakan gelling agent Na-alginat dari isolasi alga coklat (Sargassum sp) dengan konsentrasi 3% dan 4%. Uji karakterisasi Na-alginat dari alga coklat (Sargassum sp) meliputi uji organoleptis, RVA, FTIR dan DSC. Pembuatan emulgel dilakukan dengan melebur fase minyak dan fase air di atas hot plate menggunakan termometer untuk mengontrol suhu 70ºC. Kedua fase ini dicampur dan diaduk dengan kuat sampai terbentuk emulsi. Fase gel dibuat dengan mendispersikan Na-alginat dari alga coklat (Sargassum sp) dalam mortir. Karakteristik minyak ikan salmon meliputi organoleptik, pH, viskositas, dan daya sebar. Stabilitas dilakukan dengan uji sentrifugasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa semua formula emulgel memiliki penampilan fisik yang sama dari minyak ikan emulgel dengan tekstur yang agak kasar dan tidak lengket, berwarna coklat muda dan memiliki bau khas minyak ikan. Semua formula memiliki rentang pH kulit. Pengukuran viskositas menunjukkan perbedaan yang signifikan (p <0,05) untuk setiap formula, yang F2 (87.000 cPs ± 12.124) memiliki viskositas yang lebih tinggi daripada F1 (33.333 cPs ± 14.011). Uji daya sebar menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan signifikan untuk setiap formula. Uji sentrifugasi tidak menunjukkan pemisahan fase setelah pengujian. Berdasarkan semua hasil tersebut, dapat disimpulkan bahwa konsentrasi Na-Alginat mempengaruhi karakteristik fisik emulgel minyak ikan salmon untuk viskositas, dan tidak mempengaruhi stabilitas fisik. Semua formula membentuk sistem yang stabil.
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