In this study, the UV mutagenesis was performed to enhance lipid productivity in Chlorella sp. 042 isolated from East Kalimantan. One hundred colonies were screened with a method based on Nile Red fluorescence. Growth, biomass, and lipid parameters of the selected mutants (M7 and M22) were grown in a batch system of 400 mL AF6 medium and analyzed in detail. The result showed that the lipid content of M7 and M22 were higher than wild type (30.82%), 35.15%, and 43.85%, respectively. The M22 slightly had higher carbohydrate and protein content than wild type and M7. The overall result indicates that the treatment of UV mutagenesis to Chlorella sp. 042 can increase the total lipid production and other biomass content. The mutant could consecutively be used as the lipid feedstock for algal oil production.
Microalgae appeared to be an alternative feedstock for renewable biodiesel production due to their capability to accumulate considerable amounts of lipids. In this study, mutagenesis using UVC light with different periods was applied to Chlorella sp. 042 to produce a microalgae strain with high lipid productivity of 45, 60, and 75 min. The Nile red fluorescence method was conducted to select a Chlorella sp. mutant with high neutral lipid and generated one mutant from every UV mutation period, M45-06, M60-02, and M75-21. All of the mutants have higher growth rates than the wild type. Chlorella sp. 042 M60-02 achieved the highest lipid productivity, with 34 mg L-1 day-1. Furthermore, as other major biochemical components, carbohydrate and protein contents were determined. Our results showed that all the mutants enhance their carbohydrate and protein contents compared to the wild type. However, mutations for more than 60 min do not intensely change the protein content of mutant microalgae. Gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometry analysis revealed that M60-02 mutant has similar FAME profiles with the wild type, which contain palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C 18:0), oleic acid (C18:1), and linoleic acid (C18:2). These results demonstrate that the UV mutation of Chlorella sp. 042 for 60 min is suitable as a source of biodiesel production.
The use of synthetic dyes has an impact on the possibility of disposing such dyes into the environment. Fungal decolorization is one promising approach due to its capability to degrade dyes, thus, exploring fungi that can be applied in dye decolorization is essential. We investigated our potential strain of Trametes hirsuta to decolorize Remazol brilliant blue R (RBBR). The enzyme activity of laccase in various conditions was observed using Syringaldazine as a substrate, while fungal immobilization was conducted using calcium alginate as a solid support. The results indicated that CuSO4 was the best inducer for the decolorization process. The fungus was able to perform 79.5% of RBBR decolorization for 48 hours in the presence of CuSO4. Laccase was the prominent detected ligninolytic enzyme when decolorization was performed. The immobilized cells were able to decolorize 85% RBBR under 0.8 mM CuSO4 andused for 3 cycles of decolorization. This study reveals the potential of fungal usage in the form of the immobilized and free cell to overcome the persistence of dye pollutants problem, as it is considered an effective, economic and eco-friendly approach for RBBR dye decolorization. These strategies can be suggested to encourage ecologically sustainable development for bioremediation.
Cacao is attractive for its flavor and taste and its beneficial effects. Therefore, this commodity is promising to be developed as a functional food. Many studies reported the bioactive compounds in cacao beans and their health benefits. However, to attain desirable flavor and taste, the curing process of cacao beans is a common practice, in which fermentation is one of the processes. Despite its significance, fermentation also alters the bioactive components in cacao beans. To develop a functional food rich in bioactive compounds, measuring the bioactive contents of treated and untreated cacao beans is desired. For that reason, in this study, the analysis of total polyphenol, flavonoid, catechin, and epicatechin, as well as the radical scavenging activity of fermented cacao beans, was performed. The study revealed that fermentation negatively affected all parameters. Cacao beans fermentation up to 96 h resulted in the loss of 54% of total polyphenol, 77% of total flavonoid, and 56% of radical scavenging activity. Determination of the flavan-3-ol components, catechin, and epicatechin, revealed that they were reduced as the fermentation occurred.
Microalgae, mainly green algae, are well known as sources of lipids for food, feed, and energy. As our institution owned microalgae collections, we performed microalgae screening to find candidate/s, producing high lipid content. In this research, microalgae were screened by various media, and then the medium was optimized. Larger scale cultivation was done in order to find out the yield of the biomass production and lipid content. The condition with phosphate buffer was applied to increase the lipid accumulation. The lipid content was analyzed by Nile red staining. As a result, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Chlorella vulgaris showed high biomass production in the Tris-Acetate-Phosphate (TAP) medium. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii at four times concentration and C. vulgaris at the initial concentration of TAP medium demonstrated the most increased biomass production. The maximum biomass production and lipid content was 0.9 g/l and 31% for C. reinhardtii and 1.7 g/l and 27% for C. vulgaris, respectively. Under starvation, the lipid content was increased up to 52% for C. reinhardtii and 34% for C. vulgaris, which were higher than their control. From this study, the TAP medium was found to have the most increased biomass production, and starvation enhanced lipid accumulation.
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