The aim of this population study was to examine the severity and prevalence of co-occurring developmental delays in 4-year-old children, the rate of overlapping problems, and sex differences. A sample of 434 children (196 males, 238 females; mean age 4 years 3 months, SD 1 month) were administered the 'Lene' test: a comprehensive neurodevelopmental screening test. Results suggest that co-occurrence of attention-behavioural, motor-perceptual, and language delays occurring in school-aged children could already be detected at the age of 4 years. Isolated delays were usually mild, but co-occurring difficulties were mostly moderate or severe. Overlap between developmental delays depended on the severity of the problems. It emerged that males had more severe and more often co-occurring problems than females. Co-occurrence of developmental delays as a risk factor at the early stage of development is discussed.
The present study explored the continuity of normal development between the ages of 4 and 6 and also examined the permanence of any developmental problems. A comprehensive neurodevelopmental screening test (the Lene test) was administered to a sample of 434 children at the age of 4 and again at the age of 6 (n=394). The results suggest significant continuity in development from age 4 to age 6. Normal development is most likely to continue along a predetermined developmental path. The co-occurrence and severity of developmental problems increases the probability that they will persevere. No single developmental factor at age 4 could reliably predict developmental status at age 6. However, overall development at age 4 reliably predicted 78% of the variance of developmental outcome at age 6. For the most part, the results indicated that it is possible to recognise developmental problems at age 4, one year earlier than the current age for screening in the Finnish health care system.
The main aim of the study was to explore the ability of a brief developmental assessment to predict teacher‐rated learning and attentional and behavioural skills in the first grade of school at both the group and individual levels. A sample of 394 children (181 males, 213 females) aged 4 years were followed to the age of 6 years, and 283 of the children (145 males, 138 females; mean age 7y 11 mo) were followed further to the first grade (age 7y) at school. The children were administered a brief but comprehensive developmental assessment (Lene – a neurodevelopmental screening method) at their local child health‐care centres at ages 4 and 6 years. In the first grade, teachers completed a detailed questionnaire (JLD Teacher Questionnaire) on the children’s (mean age 7y 11mo, SD 3.1mo, range 7y 3mo–8y 4mo) performance and behaviour. Structural equation modelling showed that no single developmental area predicted development during the follow‐up. Instead, a comprehensive developmental outcome at age 4 years significantly predicted skills in the first grade at the group level. Developmental status at age 4 and 6 years together explained 66% of the variance of academic skills and 40% of the variance of attentional and behavioural skills in the first grade. Age‐specific logistic regression analyses were constructed to produce the risk indices. At the individual level it was possible to reach acceptable levels of sensitivity and specificity for academic skills at age 4 and age 6 years. Identification of attentional and behavioural problems at the individual level was possible at age 6 years, but the number of false positives was high.
The aim of this population study was to examine the severity and prevalence of co‐occurring developmental delays in 4‐year‐old children, the rate of overlapping problems, and sex differences. A sample of 434 children (196 males, 238 females; mean age 4 years 3 months, SD 1 month) were administered the‘Lene’test: a comprehensive neuro‐developmental screening test. Results suggest that co‐occurrence of attention‐behavioural, motor‐perceptual, and language delays occurring in school‐aged children could already be detected at the age of 4 years. Isolated delays were usually mild, but co‐occurring difficulties were mostly moderate or severe. Overlap between developmental delays depended on the severity of the problems. It emerged that males had more severe and more often co‐occurring problems than females. Co‐occurrence of developmental delays as a risk factor at the early stage of development is discussed.
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