Cadherin switch (CS) outlined by downregulation of E-cadherin and upregulation of N-cadherin is an established epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) hallmark, being a common signature in wound healing and carcinogenesis. It is intriguing to explore the EMT-associated CS pattern in precancerous phases as well as variably aggressive bladder cancer categories. In this study, we tested CS signified by a reduction in urothelial cells E-cadherin expression and/or aberrant N-cadherin expression in proliferative epithelial changes (PEC) associating inflammation, nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), and muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). Immunohistochemical study of both E-cadherin and N-cadherin was performed for 60 cases: 15 PEC, 8 NMIBC, and 37 MIBC. CS patterns were analyzed: abnormal CS patterns were expressed as deviated, hybrid, co-negative, and full CS patterns. E-cadherin expression was significantly preserved in PEC (86.7%) followed by NMIBC (62.5%) and then MIBC (37.8%) (P = 0.004), whereas N-cadherin showed obvious aberrant expression in MIBC (51.4%) as compared with PEC (33.3%) and NMIBC (25%). In the MIBC group, abnormal cadherin patterns were the highest (70.3%) and was associated with adverse prognostic indicators. In the context of NMIBC progression to MIBC, combined E and N-cadherin evaluation showed highest sensitivity (70.3%) and NPV (31.3%), whereas aberrant expression of N-cadherin presented highest specificity (75%) and positive predictive value (90.5%). For cancer prediction, combined E-cadherin and N-cadherin evaluation showed the highest sensitivity (64.4%); abnormal E-cadherin offered highest specificity (86.7%), positive predictive value (92.9%), and negative predictive value (40.6%). In posttherapy follow-up setting, a metastable EMT signature in the form of partial CS was noted and might reflect resistant dormant populations.
Introduction: In Egypt, few epidemiologic reports have highlighted the national and regional epidemiologic data regarding primary CNS tumors. In this study we aim to identify the frequency of various primary CNS tumors and to demonstrate the age group distribution, gender, topographic data and the different histopathologic types among our patients. Materials and Methods: Data on all cases of primary CNS neoplasms received at Pathology department of Ain Shams University Specialized hospital in addition to a referral neuropathology lab during the period from 2010 to 2015 were collected with a total number of 996 cases. The patients were divided according to their age into two main groups, pediatric group including children and adolescents (from 0-18 years), and adult group (> 18 years). Patients' demographic data and histopathologic tumor types were analyzed. Result: Frequency of primary CNS tumors among males was higher than females (51.7% vs. 49.3% respectively). Regarding patient age, frequency among adults was (89.4%) compared to pediatric age group (10.6%). Gliomas were the most common primary CNS tumors in adults (35%) followed by meningiomas (33.3%) then pituitary adenomas (15.6%); while in pediatric group embryonal tumors (17%) were the second most common following gliomas (59.4%). Conclusion:This study highlighted the frequency, spectrum and prominent features of primary CNS tumors among Egyptian patients, in comparison to many worldwide reports. This study recommends the establishment of specialized national center for CNS tumors in Egypt; this will provide efficient registry system and accurate data analysis for these tumors.
Background: Despite widespread concern in public health regarding the increasing prevalence and burden of smoking and mental disorders, little is known about the double burden of these problems in Arab countries. Aim: To describe pattern and identify determinants of smoking among mentally ill male patients in El
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