This study reverses the usual process of assessing universality by examining whether a construct originating in non-western cultures has functional relevance in the West. The construct of guan or "training" was proposed by Chao (1994) as re ecting important Chinese parenting practices also shared by other Confucian cultures. She proposed that this construct is more relevant to the understanding of outcomes among Asian-American youth than constructs that have been developed in the West, such as "authoritative" parenting. The association among the behaviours incorporated in this construct and other "universal" parenting styles such as parental warmth has not been previously reported. Nor has there been a previous report of the prevalence and perceived desirability of guan behaviours from Western individuals. Participants in the present study were US (N = 118), Hong Kong (N = 171) and Pakistani (N = 98) nursing students. In all three cultures, guan items had adequate internal consistency (Cronbach's alphas ranging from .69 to .76), associated positively with parental warmth (Pearsons' r ranging from .37 to .52), and were seen as attributes of ideal parents. Mothers in all three cultures were perceived as showing more guan than fathers show. The associations between parental guan and the outcomes of perceived health, relationship harmony and life satisfaction were signi cant for the Asian participants. Tests of guan's functional relevance in the West had equivocal results with weak associations to positive outcomes in the West compared to Asia. However, the differences between cultures did not reach statistical signi cance. When the cultures were merged, parental training perceptions predicted a signi cant proportion of the variance in outcomes. Mothers' guan predicted self-esteem in their children, whereas fathers' guan predicted life satisfaction. Although guan may have emerged from a Chinese cultural context, it appears to function similarly in many cultural systems, and may represent the Asian face of authoritative parenting.Cette étude renverse le processus habituel d'évaluation de l'universalité en examinant si un construit issu des cultures non occidentales possède une pertinence fonctionnelle en Occident. La structure de guan ou "entraînement" a été proposé par Chao (1994) a n de montrer des pratiques parentales chinoises importantes partagées également par d'autres cultures d'adeptes de Confucius. Elle a suggéré que ce construit était plus pertinent pour la compréhension des effets de l'éducation sur la jeunesse asiatico-américaine que d'autres construits développés en Occident, tel que l'autoritarisme parental. Il n'existe aucun rapport précédant sur l'association entre les comportements incorporés à ce construit et d'autres styles parentaux "universels", comme la chaleur parentale. Il n'y a pas non plus d'autre rapport sur la prévalence et la désirabilité perçue des comportements guan de la part d'individus occidentaux. Les participants à cette étude étaient des élèves in rmiers des USA (N = 118), de Hong ...
We obtained information regarding parenting perceptions and psychosocial adjustment from 102 Pakistani young women. Parenting behaviours assessed pertained to warmth and dominating control, as well as to ''training'' (proposed by Chao as having relevance in other Asian cultures), and indigenously relevant items related to religion and shame/honour. Adjustment measures included self-esteem, relationship harmony, and selfperceived health, shown to have relevance in other Asian cultures. In Requests for reprints should be sent to
The purpose of this study was to examine associations among perceived parenting variables (warmth, parental knowledge of their child's daily activities, shame induction and autonomy‐granting), and psychosocial outcomes in Pakistan, a culture about which little information is available in the psychological literature. Participants were early and late adolescent Pakistani boys (N = 156) and girls (N = 148). Girls perceived their parents as being warmer, more knowledgeable about their child's activities and whereabouts, and more autonomy‐granting than did boys. Warmth and parental knowledge associated with positive outcomes for girls, but not boys. Autonomy‐granting associated with positive outcomes in bivariate and multivariate correlations for both genders. In causal models, perceptions of parents influenced well‐being partly through the mediators of selfdenigration, positive self‐image and relationship harmony, explaining up to 21% of the variance in outcomes. The results are discussed in the light of Western findings and the social context of middle‐class urban Pakistan. The findings provide some support for self‐determination theory, which states that autonomy‐granting by parents facilitates offspring adjustment through internalization of parental values, even in non‐Western cultures.
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