Background and Aims: Host immune response is altered by a series of physiologic and pathologic factors like age, gender, inflammation, surgery, medication etc., The present study was conducted to evaluate differences in salivary IgA (S-IgA) levels among pedodontic subjects undergoing active orthodontic treatment with fixed and removable appliance. The levels of S- IgA were determined before 3 months and 6 months post active orthodontic treatment. Methods: A total of 40 healthy pedodontic subjects (aged 8-15 years) were recruited in the present study. They were equally divided into Group A (fixed orthodontic group) and Group B (removable orthodontic group) with 20 subjects each. 1.5 mL of saliva per subject was obtained before 3 and 6 months after treatment. Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) technique was used for measurement of Salivary IgA levels. Results: Group A and B both showed significant rise in S-IgA levels 3 months and 6 months post active orthodontic treatment. Mean value of S-IgA 3 months post treatment in the saliva of children in group B and group A were (144.27 ± 5.32) and (164.0 ± 3.23) μg/ml respectively. While mean value of S-IgA after 6 months of treatment in group B and group A were (149.8 ± 6.02) and (166.4 ± 3.65) μg/ml respectively. Conclusion: Salivary Immunoglobulin A level values were significantly higher statistically in both group A and group B post active orthodontic treatment than before. The results however, showed that Group A (fixed orthodontic group) showed statistically significant higher levels of S-IgA than Group B (removable orthodontic group). Active orthodontic treatment triggered a stronger stimulus for oral secretory immunity, hence the increase in levels were detected. There is a significant positive correlation between S-IgA and active fixed as well as removable orthodontic treatment. Orthodontic treatment is hence a local immunogenic factor.
Due to the wealth of data available from different radiographic images, detecting dental caries has traditionally been a difficult undertaking. Numerous techniques have been developed to enhance image quality for quicker caries detection. For the investigation of medical images, deep learning has emerged as the preferred methodology. This study provides a thorough examination of the application of deep learning to object detection, segmentation, and classification. It also examines the literature on deep learning-based segmentation and identification techniques for dental images. To identify dental caries, several techniques have been used to date. However, these techniques are inefficient, inaccurate, and unable to handle a sizable amount of datasets. There is a need for a way that can get around these issues since the prior methods failed to do so. In the domains of medicine and radiology, deep convolutional neural networks (CNN) have produced amazing results in predicting and diagnosing diseases. This new field of healthcare research is developing quickly. The current study's objective was to assess the effectiveness of deep CNN algorithms for dental caries detection and diagnosis on radiographic images. The Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) method, which is based on artificial intelligence, is used in this study to introduce hybrid optimal deep learning, which offers superior performance.
INTRODUCTION: This study investigated the prevalence of smoking among health care and non-health care undergraduate students in Penang. Further, the knowledge, awareness and attitude levels of the respondents were also discerned. Besides, the existence of any significant difference between the knowledge, awareness and attitude levels of the two groups was also investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY: The population comprised the undergraduate students of Penang. Out of this population, a sample of 162 respondents were randomly selected. Survey questionnaires were given to the respondents to ascertain their prevalence of smoking and their knowledge, awareness and attitude towards smoking. Data was collected and both descriptive and inferential analysis were carried out using SPSS. RESULTS: There were proportionately less smokers among the healthcare respondents compared to the non-healthcare respondents. Additionally, it was also found that there existed a significant difference between the two groups in terms of the score for knowledge, awareness and attitude towards smoking (t=6.19, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Thus health care students had a lower prevalence of smoking and had greater knowledge, awareness and attitude of the dangers of smoking and were possibly aided by their greater knowledge of the health sciences.
The purpose of this review article is to summarize the contingency management guidelines of major orthodontic procedures to enable us set new norms for orthodontics keeping in mind the implications of the prevailing pandemic. Studies on efficacy of stringent infection control during COVID 19 era for orthodontic procedures published in 2020 were retrieved from various databases like COVID 19 Open Research Dataset, PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus and Google Scholar. Thus, considering the unreliability and the worrisome environment of this COVID era it is evident that clear guidelines are required for defining orthodontic emergencies, prioritizing COVID 19 testing and PPE requirements for orthodontists and secure virtual consultation platforms. It’s extremely mandatory for us to evolve with the ever evolving world and successfully strive together as a community maintaining our patients trust as well as the standard of orthodontic care being offered by us. This unity amongst us and balance of our duties need to become part of our daily lives and be adopted as a new normal.
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