The cassava has been modified successfully by using the saline water, which was abundantly available on the planet. The biomass was submerged in saline waters that salt concentrations were altered at 0, 3.5 percent (seawater) and 10 percent (w/w) and were kept 5 days. After recovery by washing steps, the treated solids were characterized by using XRD (X-ray diffraction), FTOR (Fourier transform infra-red), and SEM (Scanning electron microscopic). The results showed that the XRD pattern of saline water pretreatment decreased significantly. The biggest decrease of X-ray intensity occurred at around 18 o. Meanwhile, the fingerprint of FTOR revealed the transmittance intensity of infra-red ray of saline water treated solid inclined for all wave constant numbers, suggesting that many hydrogen bonds were disconnected. Those findings also were enhanced by SEM pictures that showed the change of surface morphology of treated biomass. Ot was indicative that cassava structure was modified becoming more textured after employing saline water pretreatment. This work is an innovative finding to gradually substitute commercial ionic liquids that are very expensive with saline water for biomass pretreatment.

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Penelitian ini berfokus pada upaya menginvestigasi anomali Total Electron Content (TEC) ionosfer berkaitan dengan gempa bumi Jailolo yang terjadi pada tanggal 15 November 2019 pukul 01:17 Waktu Indonesia Timur (WIT) dengan menggunakan metode Two Dimensional Principal Component Analysis (2DPCA). Anomali TEC yang teridentifikasi oleh metode 2DPCA digunakan untuk menentukan prekusor  dari gempa bumi Jailolo. Citra Global Ionosphere Maps (GIM) TEC selang tanggal 9-15 Nopember 2019 dianalisis dan dikonversi menjadi citra nilai Eigen menggunakan program Matlab_2DPCA. Berdasarkan citra nilai Eigen ditemukan bahwa pada tanggal 13 Nopember 2019 pukul 22:15 – 22:35 WIT telah terjadi anomali TEC ionosfer di atas episenter gempa bumi Jailolo dengan durasi 20 menit. Selama aktivitas pra seismik, ionosfer memberikan respon berupa penurunan nilai TEC. Anomali kandungan elektron total ionosfer merupakan suatu prekursor yang berasosiasi dengan pelepasan gas radon selama aktivitas pra seismik sebelum gempa bumi. Kata Kunci: Anomali TEC; gempa bumi Jailolo; metode 2DPCA; nilai eigen, prekursor Investigation of Ionosphere TEC Anomalies Associated with the 15 November 2019 of Jailolo Earthquake Using the 2DPCA Method ABSTRACTThis research focuses on investigating of the ionospheric total electron content (TEC) anomaly associated with the Jailolo Earthquake earthquake that occurred on November 15, 2019 at 01:17 Eastern Indonesian Time (WIT) using the 2DPCA method. The TEC anomaly identified by the 2DPCA method was used to determine the precursor of the Jailolo earthquake. Global ionosphere maps (GIM) TEC images between November 9-15, 2019 were analyzed and converted into several images of the Eigen value using the Matlab_2DPCA program. Based on Eigen value images, it was found that on November 13, 2019 at 22:15 – 22:35 WIT, an ionosphere TEC anomaly occurred above the epicenter of the Jailolo Earthquake with a duration of 20 minutes. During pre-seismic activity, ionosphere given a responds by decreasing of TEC value. The total electron content anomaly of the ionosphere is a precursor associated with the release of radon gas during pre-seismic activity before an earthquake.Keywords: TEC anomaly; Jailolo earthquake; 2DPCA method; eigen value,  precursor