The overall assessment was derived from a set of detailed case studies of DARPA program areas that were identified as being major factors in the RMA. Volume II documents the individual case studies of the technology areas that were the basis of the overall assessment.The authors wish to thank John Jennings, the DARPA task manager for this project, for his detailed review and comments on all of the chapters in this volume. His review led to greatly improved clarity on our part in both depicting the flow of technology development and the roles of various organizations and individuals in this flow. He also provided a superb sounding board for the observations and conclusions we draw as to the factors that either fostered or impeded the movement of these technologies into military application.For each chapter the individual authors interviewed numerous participants in the development and the management of specific technologies and their applications.Throughout these chapters we cite interviews from many of these individuals who were most forthcoming and generous with their time. Some of these individuals provided insights and details about several technology thrusts and applications in which they were directly involved in overseeing-especially former Secretary of Defense and former
ReportsReports are Ihe most authoritative and most carefully considered products IDA publishes. They normally embody results of major projects which (a) have a direct bearing on decisions affecting major programs, (b) address issues of significant concern to the Executive Branch, the Congress aqd/or the public, or (c) address Issues that have significant economic implications. IDA Reports are reviewed by outside panels of experts to ensure their high quality and relevance to the problems studied, and they are released by the President of IDA. Group ReportsGroup Reports record the findings and results of IDA established working groups and panels co..posed o1 senior individuals addressing major Issues which otherwise would be the subject of an IDA Report. ýDA Group Reports are reviewed by the senior Individuals responsible for the project and others as selected by IDA to ensure their high quality and relevance to the proLierms studied. abid are released by the President of IDA. PapersPapers, also authoritative and carefully considered products of IDA. address studies that are narrower In scope than those covered In Reports. IDA Papers are reviewed to ensure that they meet the high standards expected of refereed papers In professional journals or formal Agency reports. DocumentsIDA Documents are used for the convenience of the sponsors or the analysts (a) to record substantive work done In quick reaction studies, (b) to record the proceedings of conferences and meetings. (c) to make available prelimlnary and tentative results of analyses, (d) to record data developed In the course of an Investlgatlon, or (e) to forward Information that Is essentially unanalyzed and unevaluated. The review of IDA Documents Is suited to their content at.1 intended use.The work reported in this document was conducted under contract MDA 903 89 C 0003 for the Department of Defntse. The publication of this IDA document does not indicale endorsement by the Department of Defense, nor should the contints be construed as reflecting ths ofticial position of that Agency. This Paper has benn reviewed bW IDA to assure that it meets high standards of thoroughness, objectivity, and appropriate analytical methodology and that the results. conclusions and recommendations are properly supported by the material presented. REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE SUPPLER~ TARY NOME 12L. DISTRIBUITIOWAVALABLNTY STATAMEN j121). DISTRIBUTION CODEApproved for public release; distribution unlimited.I 1I& ABSTRACT (Ibxlmmnav m .do)This is the second of three volumes on the history of DARPA accomplishments and their implic'ations. The first two volumes include histories of selected DARPA projects. The purpose of these histories is to record, for projects and programs having impuwtant outputs and for which adequate and appropriate data * could be gathered, the chronological and technical histories in such a way that (a) the influence of the projects or programs on defense and civilian technology could be traced, and (b) implementation lessons could be extra Wted that would ...
DEFINITIONSIDA publishes the following documents to report the results of its work. ReportsReports are the most authoritative and most carefully considered products IDA publishes. They normally embody results of major projects which (a) have a direct bearing on decisions affecting major programs, lb) address Issues of significant concern to the Executive Branch, the Congress and/or the public, or (c) address Issues that have significant erinomic Implications. IDA Reports are reviewed by outside panels of experts to ensure their high quality and relevance to the problems studied, and they are released by the Presldent of IDA. Group ReportsGroup Reports record the findings and results of IDA established working groups and panels composed of senior individuals addressing major Issues which otherwise would be the subject of an IDA Report. IDA Group Reports are reviewed by the senior individuals responsible for the project and others as selectbd by IDA to ensure their high quality and relevance to the problems studied, and are releaued by the President of IDA. PapersPapers, also authoritative and carefully considered products of IDA, address studies that are narrower In scope than those cnvered In Reports. IDA Papers are reviewed to ensure that they meet the high standards expected of refereed pipers in prcfessional journals or formal Agency reports. Approved for public release; distribution unlimited. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words)IDA has been documenting and assessing the major technical accomplishments and contributions to technological advance made by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). Phase I (published as Volume I, P-2192, and Volume II, P-2429) reviewed the origins, evolution, and impact of 49 projects or program areas. This paper (Phase II) focuses on the broader context of DARPA's cortributions, including influences external to the agency. Its purpose is to describe the motivation for programs undertaken by DARPA, the intrinsic nature of the research, and the technological advances that emerged. Some programs, such as ballistic missile defense and large acoustic arrays for antisubmarine warfare, were highly successful in their own context, while others, such as computing and computer networks, had wider ramifications for national technological developments. The paper also derives lessons learned for future DARPA strategic planning and project management. PREFACEIt was a daunting task to capture the significant aspects of DARPA's evolution over its thirty-three year history, Arrive at insights and conclusions regarding the Agency's impact and effect, and determine implications for DARPA's future. While much of the information and analysis used to prepare this volume derived from our research conducted for Volumes I and U of this study, we also had to capture broader perspectives regarding DARPA's overall program thrusts and motivations, concepts that went beyond individual programs and projects. We found documentacion of thest broader aspects relatively sparse, with some being captured in...
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