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INTRODUCTION: THE UNNOTICED RISE OF GLOBAL ADMINISTRATIVE LAW Emerging patterns of global governance are being shaped by a little-noticed but important and growing body of global administrative law. This body of law is not at present unified-indeed, it is not yet an organized field of scholarship or of practice. The Global Administrative Law Research Project at New York University School of Law 1 is an effort to systematize studies in diverse national, transnational, and international settings that relate to the administrative law of global governance. Using ideas developed in the first phases of this project, in this article we begin the task of identifying, among these assorted practices, some patterns of commonality and connection sufficiently deep and farreaching as to constitute an embryonic field of global administrative law. We point to some factors encouraging the development of common approaches, and to mechanisms of learning, borrowing, and cross-referencing, that are contributing to a degree of integration in this field. We also note some major constraints and enduring reasons for non-convergence. We begin to assess the normative case for and against promotion of a unified field of global administrative law, and for and against some specific positions within it. This paper

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A new fundamental equation explicit in Helmholtz energy for thermodynamic properties of nitrogen from the freezing line to 2000 K at pressures to 1000 MPa is presented. New independent equations for the vapor pressure and for the saturated liquid and vapor densities as functions of temperature are also included. The fundamental equation was selected from a comprehensive function of 100 terms on the basis of a statistical analysis of the quality of the fit. The coefficients of the fundamental equation were determined by a weighted least-squares fit to selected P-ρ-T data, saturated liquid, and saturated vapor density data to define the phase equilibrium criteria for coexistence, and velocity of sound data. The fundamental equation and the derivative functions for calculating internal energy, enthalpy, entropy, isochoric heat capacity (Cv), isobaric heat capacity (Cp), and velocity of sound are included. Tables of thermodynamic properties of nitrogen are given for liquid and vapor states within the range of validity of the fundamental equation. The fundamental equation reported here may generally be used to calculate pressures and densities with an uncertainty of ±0.1%, heat capacities within ±3%, and velocity of sound values within ±1%. Comparisons of calculated properties to experimental data are included to verify the accuracy of the formulation.

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A new thermodynamic property formulation for argon is presented. The formulation includes a fundamental equation explicit in Helmholtz energy, a vapor pressure equation, and estimating functions for the densities of saturated liquid and vapor states. The coefficients of the fundamental equation and ancillary functions were determined by a weighted least-squares fit of selected experimental data using a statistical procedure to select the terms for the equation most appropriate for the representation of the data. In determining the coefficients of the fundamental equation, multi-property fitting methods were used to represent pressure-density-temperature data, saturated 1kluid and saturated vapur densities, and velocity of sound measurements. The fundamental equation is valid for liquid and vapor phases except near the critical point. The equation has been developed to conform to the Maxwell criterion for two-phase liquid-vapor equilibrium states. Comparisons between the data used to determine the fundamental equation and values calculated from the formulation are given to verify the accuracy ofthe fundamental equation. The formulation given here may be used to calculate pressures and densities generally with an accuracy of ± 0.1 %, heat capacities within ± 30/'0, and velOCity of sound within ± 2% except near the critical point. Tables of thermodynamic properties of argon calculated with the formulation presented here are given for fluid states within the range of validity of the correlation.

A new fundamental equation explicit in Helmholtz energy for thermodynamic properties of nitrogen from the freezing line to 2000 K Ilt pressures to 1000 MPa 13 presented. New independent equations for the vapor pressure and for the saturated liquid and vapor densities as functions of temperature are also included. The fundamental equation was selected from a comprehensive function of 100 terms on the basis of a statistical analysis of the quality of the fit. The coefficients of the fundamental equation were determined by a weighted least-squares fit to selected P-p-T data, saturated liquid, and saturated vapor density data to define the phase equilibrium criteria for coexistence, and velocity of sound data. The fundamental equation and the derivative functions for calculating internal energy, enthalpy, entropy, isochoric heat capacity (C v), isobaric heat capacity (C p), and velocity of sound are included. Tables of thermodynamic properties of nitrogen are given for liquid and vapor states within the range of validity of the fundamental equation. The fundamental equation reported here may generally be used to calculate pressures and densities with an uncertainty of ± 0.1 %, heat capacities within ± 3%, and" velocity of sound values within ± 1 %. Comparisons of calculated properties to experimental data are included to verify the accuracy of the formulation.

All nations and producers have a basic common interest in harmonizing their product regulations in order to reduce transaction costs, efforts at disguised protectionism, and other trade barriers resulting from differences in national standards. Harmonization promotes the advantages of a more extensive product market: specialization, scale economies, and increased competition. The importance of these factors is reflected in the proposed North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which has extensive provisions designed to promote harmonization of product standards.' 7 To be sure, it is not always easy to agree on common standards. Differences in environmental, social, and economic conditions among nations may make different product standards appropriate.' 8 Environmental groups fear that harmonization will weaken standards in the U.S. and other nations with the most stringent standards, while producers in developing nations complain that they cannot afford to comply with more stringent requirements. 9 B. Process Regulation The potential conflicts between trade, competitiveness, and process regulation and liability rules are different, more serious, and more intractable. Producers in countries with more stringent regulatory requirements and expansive liability rules will incur higher costs in complying with regulatory requirements and avoiding liability. These higher costs will, other things being equal, disadvantage such producers competing in both domestic and international markets. Nations with more stringent process standards might seek to exclude or impose special duties on products imported from nations with less stringent process standards. Such measures, however, are probably