The South Eastern Piedmont Region of Mount Cameroon is getting increasingly populated. Groundwater is the main resource for drinking in this area; hence, the quantification of trace metals, suitability and quality of the groundwater resources for drinking, domestic and agro-industrial uses is of public and scientific concern. In this study, 10 samples were collected from 10 sites in September 2017. Field measurement of physicochemical parameters and investigation of the levels of trace metal content in groundwater was determined using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy ICP-MS. R-mode statistical analysis has been done and traces metals elements correlated with the physicochemical parameters and cluster analysis PCA carried out. The paper also highlights and determines the average daily dose ADD, the carcinogenic risks CR and the non-carcinogenic risk hazard quotient HQ which yields the hazard indices HI. The general trend of mean trace metal concentration in the sampled groundwater was in the order of: Zn > Fe > Al > V > Mn > Cu > Cr > Ni > Pb > As > Co > Cd > Sb. All the groundwater risk indices; ADD, CR, HQ and HI were less than 1 in categories of insignificant health risk. The severity of metal toxicity is governed by several factors, such as dose, nutrition, age, and even life style. Therefore, this low trend might not guarantee the complete absence of human health risk. Generally, from risk assessment on trace metals using risk indices, the analyzed water samples might not be at an alarming health risk. However, due to an increasing level of environmental pollution that might be imposed by increasing human activity in this region, water sources might become a potential sink of contaminants; this is significant reason that makes constant monitoring, implementation and treatment of groundwater for drinking purposes obligatory.

Groundwater quality of the Bamenda metropolis (Northwest Region-Cameroon) was assessed for its suitability for possible uses. A total of 22 groundwater samples were collected from dug wells and boreholes within the Bamenda town during the wet and dry seasons. Hydrodynamics and physicochemical parameters were measured. Other parameters including, major ions, sodium percentage (Na %), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), and water quality index (WQI) were deduced from chemical analysis, and their distributions were demonstrated using spatial distribution contour maps. Durov's plot, Gibbs diagram, and chloro-alkaline indices were used to deduce the source and detect the groundwater samples for different applications. The findings indicate that groundwater flows in the study area from shallow to deep aquifers. Piper's plot shows Ca-Mg-CO 3-HCO 3 and Ca-Mg-Cl-SO 4 as the main water types. WQI and World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines show that all the groundwater samples have excellent water quality for drinking purpose. Electrical conductivity (EC), Na %, and SAR values indicate that all wet season water samples are of low-salinity class, whereas dry season samples are of low to medium salinity; hence, all the samples are suitable for irrigation. Though there is extensive use of agricultural fertilizers and intense urbanization in the metropolis, anthropogenic activities, for now, seem to have minimal impact on the quality of groundwater.

This study of the gneiss-fractured-rock aquifer in Yaoundé capital of Cameroon determines: the aquifer setting-flow systems, the aquifer type, seasonal variations in rock-water interactions, evolution of the hydrogeochemical processes, physicochemical parameters and the suitability for domestic-agro-industrial use of the groundwater. Physicochemical field tests were carried out on 445 wells during four seasons for EC, pH, TDS, Temperature and static water level from July 2016 to May 2017. 90 well samples were analyzed 45 samples per season: wet/dry. 38 borewell logs were used together with structural data to determine the aquifer setting. The field physico-chemical and laboratory analysis data of well samples were mounted unto various GIS software platforms: Global mapper, AqQa, Aquachem, Rockworks, Logplot7, Surfer and ArcGIS, to get indices/parameters/figures, by use of Durov's, Piper's and Gibbs diagrams, Water quality index WQI, USSL ratio, Sodium Absorption ratio SAR, Percent sodium %Na, Kelly Ratio KR, Magnesium Absorption Ratio MAR, Total Hardness TH, Residual Sodium Carbonate RSC and Permeability Index PI that were determined. The process of groundwater ions acquisition is threefold: by recharge through atmospheric precipitation, by ion exchange/simple dissolution between the rock-groundwater and by groundwater mixing in its flow path. Water types are Ca-HCO 3 , Mg-HCO 3 and Mg-Cl while hydrogeochemical facies are Ca-Mg-HCO 3 and Ca-Mg-Cl-SO 4. Most water samples are fresh, potable and soft all seasons. The hydrogeologi

The quality of groundwater is three fold: physical, chemical and biological. For water to be fit for human consumption, it must have satisfied all three quality aspects. Therefore, the groundwater biological quality of Abuja FCT can never be over emphasized since the wellbeing of the citizens of the capital territory, seat of the government of Nigeria, is of strategic importance. There are myths and realities about the biological quality of groundwater in fractured rock aquifers which must be clarified. Groundwater plays a very important role in the development of Abuja, Nigeria's Capital as many private, government, and households establishments depend solely on hand-dug wells and boreholes for their daily water needs. This study evaluates the biological quality using total bacterial density (TBD), total coliform (TC), coliform bacteria (CB), faecal coliform (FC), total bacteria count (TBC), and salmonella species (SS) as biological pollution indicators. From physicochemical parameters: pH ranged from, 4.8-7.9; EC, 13.4-1634 µS/cm; Temperature, 26˚C-36.1˚C and TDS, 17.42-1094.78 mg/L. Groundwater of Abuja FCT is not suitable for drinking as the species had the following concentration and percentages above the permissible limits for drinking water: TC (0-1280) 51.06%, FC (0-170) 19.15%, TBD (0-86.6) 98.94%, TBC (0-5120) 95.74%, CB (0-438) 74.47% and SS (0-223) 69.15%. Groundwater from Abuja FCT Granite-Gneiss fractured rock aquiferous formation is unfit for human consumption and an added danger to humans since it is usually assumed to be safe.

Groundwater studies in parts of the Mamfe basin are sparse and the Mamfe area has the highest population density in the Mamfe basin. An in-depth study of groundwater rock interaction and groundwater quality is of vital importance. This same part of the basin is the economic centre and as such development of businesses in this area requires knowledge of the groundwater quality. Therefore, this study was undertaken to determine the input of the rock formations on the groundwater solute chemistry and groundwater domestic-agro-industrial quality using hydrogeochemical tools and physicochemical parameters: Ionic ratios, Gibbs diagrams, Piper diagrams, Durov diagrams and water quality indices. From physicochemical parameters, in the rainy season, pH ranged from, 4.3-8.6; EC, 3-1348 µS/cm; Temperature, 24.4˚C-30.1˚C and TDS, 2.01-903.16 mg/L and in the dry season, pH ranged from 5.5-9.3; EC, 6-994 µS/cm; Temperature, 25˚C-38.6˚C and TDS, 4.02-632.48 mg/L. Forty groundwater samples: 20 per season, wet and dry were analysed. The major ions fell below WHO acceptable limits for both seasons.