The quality of groundwater is three fold: physical, chemical and biological. For water to be fit for human consumption, it must have satisfied all three quality aspects. Therefore, the groundwater biological quality of Abuja FCT can never be over emphasized since the wellbeing of the citizens of the capital territory, seat of the government of Nigeria, is of strategic importance. There are myths and realities about the biological quality of groundwater in fractured rock aquifers which must be clarified. Groundwater plays a very important role in the development of Abuja, Nigeria's Capital as many private, government, and households establishments depend solely on hand-dug wells and boreholes for their daily water needs. This study evaluates the biological quality using total bacterial density (TBD), total coliform (TC), coliform bacteria (CB), faecal coliform (FC), total bacteria count (TBC), and salmonella species (SS) as biological pollution indicators. From physicochemical parameters: pH ranged from, 4.8-7.9; EC, 13.4-1634 µS/cm; Temperature, 26˚C-36.1˚C and TDS, 17.42-1094.78 mg/L. Groundwater of Abuja FCT is not suitable for drinking as the species had the following concentration and percentages above the permissible limits for drinking water: TC (0-1280) 51.06%, FC (0-170) 19.15%, TBD (0-86.6) 98.94%, TBC (0-5120) 95.74%, CB (0-438) 74.47% and SS (0-223) 69.15%. Groundwater from Abuja FCT Granite-Gneiss fractured rock aquiferous formation is unfit for human consumption and an added danger to humans since it is usually assumed to be safe.
Kumba and environs situate between longitudes 9.24E-9.5E and latitudes 4.44N-4.7N, is the economic capital of the Southwest Region-Cameroon. It is located along the Cameroon Line at northwestern edge of the Douala Basin. The inhabitants depend mostly on groundwater through springs, handdug wells and boreholes. In this area like in most of Cameroon and Africa, water from groundwater sources (springs, wells and boreholes) is not treated. Often, it is given minimal or cosmetic periodic treatment if at all. Although the concentrations of trace metals in groundwater affects its safety and acceptability, testing for trace metals is less common and typically occurs mostly when a specific risk has been identified. This could be attributed to the high cost of analysis and lack of technological know-how. In addition to this, testing and monitoring of groundwater is not carried out most of the time and whenever it is done, only major cations and anions are analyzed. Due to the absence of treatment and testing of groundwater before drinking in Kumba and environs, there is a need to evaluate the trace metal content. The study had 21 groundwater samples analyzed using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy. Field measurement of physicochemical parameters was determined. R-mode statistical analysis; Pearson's Correlation Analysis (PCA) together with Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) between the trace metals and the physico-chemical parameters was carried out. Ten indices were determined: Four trace metal hazard indices: the average daily dose ADD, carcinogenic risks CR and the non-carcinogenic risk hazard quotient HQ which yields the hazard indices HI, and six trace metal pollution indices: Degree of contamination (DC), Enrichment factor (EF), Ecological risk index (Er), Po
Ekondo-Titi and environs are found between 4.500 -4.950N and 8.900 -9.250E onshore Rio Del Rey Basin in Ndian and Meme Divisions of the South West Region in Cameroon. Evaluation of trace metals in groundwater is among the most important environmental issues related to contamination from anthropogenic and natural sources due to increased urbanization and intensive plantation agriculture in Ekondo-Titi and environs. The study investigated the trace metal content of groundwater sources; determined estimates of the health hazard and pollution risk indices; assessed the health hazard and level of risk to trace metal pollution in Ekondo-Titi and environs. Field measurement of physicochemical parameters and analysis of thirty-seven groundwater samples were analyzed to determine their trace metal content using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy ICP-MS. R-mode statistical analysis; Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) and Pearson's correlation analysis (PCA) of the trace metals with the physico-chemical parameters have been carried out. A risk is the chance, high or low, that the exposure to a hazard will actually cause harm. Four pollution hazards were estimated the average daily dose ADD, carcinogenic risks CR, non-carcinogenic risk hazard quotient HQ and hazard index HI. Six pollution risks were determined: the Degree of contamination DC, Enrichment factor EF, Ecological risk factor Er, Ecological risk index RI, Pollution load index PLI, and geo-accumulation index Igeo. The results show that the average abundance of trace metals concentrations in the groundwater is in the order: Fe > Ba > Mn > Zn > Sr > Ni > Cu > Co > Pb > Li > Cr > V > As > Cd. HCA distinguishes the trace metals into two clusters: Cluster one; (01) element Fe; soluble; Cluster two (13) non soluble elements divided into two classes; class one (09) V, As, Cd, Cr, Li, Pb, Co, Ni, C; less enriched; Class two (04) Mn, Ba, Sr and Zn; enriched. PCA shows a very strong positive correlation between Cr/V, Ba/Li, Ba/Mn, Pb/Ni, Pb/Zn, Cu/Zn and a moderately strong correlation between Co/Mn, Ba/Co, Ba/EC and Ba/TDS. The values of groundwater pollution hazard indices range as follows; ADD (5E-06 -0.078), CR (4.3E-06 -0.002), HQ (3E-04 -1.23) and HI (0.03 -1.23). And those of the pollution risk indices are DC (−13.59 to −5.62), EF (0.79 -843.94), Er (−29.84 -0.19), RI (−62.07 to −45.53), PLI (−0.044 -0.046) and Igeo (0 -995.4). The groundwater pollution hazard indices ADD and CR are less than 1 in the categories of insignificant pollution health hazard, are below the acceptable guideline values whereas HQ and HI are above 1, likely to pose health hazards. The pollution health risk indices DC, EF, Er, RI, PLI, and Igeo are all below the acceptable guideline values. The enrichment factor EF showed that the sources of these metals are geogenic and anthropogenic processes. Barium is the most enriched element in the study area; this could be attributed to agricultural fertilizers. Igeo values indicate groundwater is no pollution to moderately pollution risk from...
The present work assesses the trace metal content in groundwater from Akwa-Mundemba, Bakassi Peninsular in Cameroon. 12 groundwater samples were analyzed using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy ICP-MS. Field measurement of physicochemical parameters was determined. R-mode statistical analysis; Pearson's Correlation Analysis (PCA) together with Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) between the trace metals and the physico-chemical parameters was carried out. Ten indices were determined: Four trace metal hazard indices; the average daily dose ADD (2.5E−07 to 0.2)) carcinogenic risks CR (2.1E−06 to 9.9E−04) and the non-carcinogenic risk hazard quotient HQ (5.7E−04 to 0.78) which yields the hazard indices HI (0.1-0.78), and six trace metal pollution indices; Degree of contamination DC (−13.53 to −11.02), Enrichment factor EF (0.26-35.47), Ecological risk factor Er (−29.92-7.04), Potential ecological risk index RI (-61.2-43.43), Pollution load index PLI (−0.01-0.04) and Geo-accumulation index Igeo (4.8E-09-3.0). From health risk indices and pollution evaluation indices on trace metals, the groundwater in Akwa-Mundemba area is safe for drinking. The enrichment factors show that the sources of the trace metals are from geogenic and anthropogenic processes. Arsenic, Lead and Vanadium are enriched although they are below the hazard risk values; this shows they have pollution potential that could be attributed to weathering and agricultural wastes. The severity of metal toxicity is governed by several factors, such as dose, nutrition, age, and
From the declaration made by the African Mayors in Senegal; the Mayors and Municipal Health Officers of the Americas in Columbia; the City Executives of Cities and Local Governments of the World in Spain and in the context of the Millennium Development Goals MDG 1&7; there is a need for increased food production in urban and peri-urban areas UPA in the world. Sub-Saharan Africa faces more development challenges than any other major region of the world with most of the people living in slums, without access to adequate food, water, or sanitation. UPA contributes to increased food security, nutrition and livelihoods in a combination of ways giving access to consumer markets; less need for packaging, storage and transportation of food; potential agricultural-related jobs and incomes; non-market access to food for poor consumers; availability of fresh, perishable food. In Abuja FCT, 40% of the populations in UPA are farmers, a reason why the agricultural quality of its groundwater which is used for irrigation begs for our attention. 33% of the fresh vegetables in the Abuja Federal Capital Territory (FCT) are produced in Abuja UPA. In order to assess groundwater for agro-industrial suitability the following were used: Physicochemical parameters (pH, Temperature, Elec-
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