A longitudinal study was carried out to describe the size and spatial distribution of the stray dog population in the University of São Paulo campus, Brazil from November 2010 to November 2011. The campus is located within the urban area of São Paulo, the largest city of Brazil, with a population over 11 million. The 4.2 km(2) that comprise the university grounds are walled, with 10 access gates, allowing stray dogs to move in and out freely. Over 100,000 people and 50,000 vehicles circulate in the campus daily. Five observations were made during the study period, using a mark-resight method. The same route was performed in all observations, being traveled twice on each observation day. Observed animals were photographed and the sight coordinates were obtained using a GPS device. The estimated size of the stray dog population varied from 32 (CI 95% 23-56) to 56 (CI 95% 45-77) individuals. Differences between in- and outward dog movements influenced dog population estimates. Overlapping home ranges of docile dogs were observed in areas where most people circulate. An elusive group was observed close to a protected rain forest area and the estimated home range for this group did not overlap with the home ranges for other dogs within the campus. A kernel density map showed that higher densities of stray dog sighting is associated with large organic matter generators, such as university restaurants. We conclude that the preferred source of food of the stray dogs on the University of São Paulo campus was leftover food deliberately offered by restaurant users. The population was stable during the study period and the constant source of food was the main reason to retain this population within the campus.
In the event of severe head trauma and hemorrhagic shock, the use of HSS 3% and larger volumes of LR promote similar systemic and cerebral hemodynamic benefits. However, a lower ICP was observed after HSS 3% than after LR.
Research on hemorrhage has concentrated on its effects rather than the manner of occurrence. A new experimental method in which the rate of bleeding is a function of prevailing arterial pressure is proposed and described. The effects of standard crystalloid volume expansion and of small volume hypertonic treatment on this protocol are demonstrated. In pressure-driven hemorrhage, survival time and the decay of arterial pressure, cardiac output, oxygen consumption, and base excess are functions of the bleeding rate, but plasma proteins and hematocrits are independent. The decay of arterial pressure is also a complex function of blood volume deficit, but this relation is not dependent on the rate of blood removal. Volume expansion induces a recovery of circulatory function despite enhanced blood loss. A comparison between equiosmolar solutions of hypertonic sodium chloride and acetate shows that acetate produces a smaller pressor (hence less blood loss) but larger blood flow (hence higher O2 availability) effect. The possible importance of the isochloremic nature of the response to acetate is highlighted.
Both small volume hypertonic saline and large volume lactated Ringer's blunts calcium influx in early stages of TBI associated to hemorrhagic shock. No fluid resuscitation strategy promotes calcium influx and further neural damage.
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