Summary1. Spatial management is used extensively in natural resource management to address sustainability and biodiversity issues, for example through declaration of terrestrial National Parks and marine protected areas (MPAs). 2. Spatial management is used also to optimize yields or protect key parts of the life cycle of species that are utilized (hunted, farmed or fished), for example through rotational harvesting. 3. To evaluate the effectiveness of marine spatial closures with conflicting fisheries and conservation objectives, a series of marine fisheries closures are here analysed using an integrative modelling tool known as management strategy evaluation (MSE). 4. This modelling framework combines a food web model of a tropical ecosystem fished by a prawn (shrimp) fishery that emulates the resource being managed, together with the present management system and risk-based tools of fishing the prawn species at maximum economic yield. 5. A series of spatial closures are designed and tested with the aim of investigating trade-offs among biodiversity (MPA), benthic impacts, ecosystem function, key species at risk to fishing, economic and sustainability objectives. 6. Synthesis and applications. This paper illustrates that existing tools often available in actively managed fisheries can be linked together into an effective management strategy evaluation framework. Spatial closures tended to succeed with respect to their specific design objective, but this benefit did not necessarily flow to other broad-scale objectives. This demonstrates that there is no single management tool which satisfies all objectives, and that a suite of management tools is needed.

Rotational harvesting is one of the oldest management strategies applied to terrestrial and marine natural resources, with crop rotations dating back to the time of the Roman Empire. The efficacy of this strategy for sessile marine species is of considerable interest given that these resources are vital to underpin food security and maintain the social and economic wellbeing of small-scale and commercial fishers globally. We modeled the rotational zone strategy applied to the multispecies sea cucumber fishery in Australia's Great Barrier Reef Marine Park and show a substantial reduction in the risk of localized depletion, higher long-term yields, and improved economic performance. We evaluated the performance of rotation cycles of different length and show an improvement in biological and economic performance with increasing time between harvests up to 6 y. As sea cucumber fisheries throughout the world succumb to overexploitation driven by rising demand, there has been an increasing demand for robust assessments of fishery sustainability and a need to address local depletion concerns. Our results provide motivation for increased use of relatively low-information, low-cost, comanagement rotational harvest approaches in coastal and reef systems globally.T he sustainable management of natural resources is a fundamental challenge in the face of increasing human population and related demand for food, limited research and management capacity, and the drive for short-term economic development. Benthic organisms that are shallow and have limited motility can be particularly susceptible to overharvesting, especially, such as in the case of sea cucumbers, when they are comparatively valuable and easy to harvest and store and where communities rely on these resources for food and income (1, 2). The value and demand for sessile marine resources, such as sea cucumber, are rising (3), resulting in the general overexploitation and even high extinction risk for some sea cucumber populations globally (3, 4), even in seemingly well-managed fisheries, such as in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park (GBRMP) (5, 6). Globally, there is a need to assess fishery sustainability to meet increasingly stringent requirements for ecological sustainability, particularly in regions with high conservation value. However, gathering and analyzing suitable fishery-dependent and -independent data are often beyond the financial and logistical capacities of the fishery, particularly for multispecies fisheries.In our study, we estimated the benefits of a rotational zone strategy (RZS) applied to the sea cucumber fishery of Australia's Great Barrier Reef (GBR) (Fig. 1), which has a 3-y rotation cycle through 154 zones. Under pressure from management over historical overexploitation of high-value species and a perceived high risk of overexploitation of other species, the fishers of the GBR sea cucumber fishery designed and implemented an RZS in 2004, where the entire GBR fishery area was split into 154 zones, with each zone fished only one time every 3 ...

Software productivity for embedded systems is greatly limited by the fragmentation of platforms and associated development tools. Platform virtualization environments, like Java and Microsoft .NET, help alleviate the problem, but they are limited to host functionalities running on the system microcontroller. Due to the ever increasing demand for processing power, it is desirable to extend their benefits to the rest of the system. We present an experimental framework based on GCC that validates the choice of CLI as a suitable processor-independent deployment format. In particular, we illustrate our GCC port to CLI and we evaluate the generated bytecode in terms of code size and performance. We inject it back into GCC through a CLI front-end that we also illustrate, and we complete the compilation down to native code. We show that using CLI does not degrade performance. Compared to other CLI solutions, we offer a full development flow for the C language, generating a subset of pure CLI that does not require any virtual machine support other than a JIT compiler. It is therefore well suited for deeply embedded media processors running high performance media applications.

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