Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) represent the most common primary liver malignancies whose outcome is influenced by the immune response.Methods: In this study, we have functionally characterized, by flow cytometry, circulating myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs) and FcεRI + monocytes in a group of healthy individuals (n = 10) and in a group of patients with HCC (n = 19) and CCA (n = 8), at the time point of the surgical resection (T0) and once the patient had recovered from surgery (T1). Moreover, we proceeded to a more in depth phenotypic characterization of the FcεRI + monocyte subpopulation.Results: A significant decrease in the frequency of TNFα producing FcεRI + monocytes and mDCs in HCC and CCA patients when compared to the group of healthy individuals was observed, and a close association between FcεRI + monocytes and mDCs dysfunction was identified. In addition, the phenotypic characteristics of FcεRI + monocytes from healthy individuals strongly suggest that this population drives to mDCs, which matches with the fact that both populations are functionally affected.Conclusions: The frequency and the function of circulating mDCs and FcεRI + monocytes are affected in both HCC and CCA patients, and FcεRI + monocytes could represent those fated to become mDCs.

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Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) represent the most common primary liver malignancies whose outcome is influenced by the immune response. In the present study, we evaluated the tumor-infiltrating leukocyte (TIL) populations in 21 HCC patients and 8 CCA patients by flow cytometry immediately after the surgical procedure. Moreover, CD4 + T cells, CD8 + T cells, monocytes, and macrophages were purified by cell sorting for further analysis of gene expression by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Regarding tumor-infiltrating macrophages, we observed a significantly higher expression of markers associated with M2 phenotype and a higher expression of PD-L1 in patients with HCC in comparison to CCA. In addition, for HCC patients, we found a significant increase in the expression of CD200R in macrophages from tumors that were in grade G3-G4 as compared to tumors in grade G1-G2. Besides, a significantly higher frequency of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, CD8 + CD56 + T cells, and natural killer cells was detected in HCC biopsies in comparison to CCA. In summary, this study has revealed functional and phenotypic differences in TIL cell subpopulations between CCA and HCC, as well as among different histopathological grades and tumor aggressiveness degrees, and it has provided evidence to better understand the tumor immune microenvironment of CCA and HCC.

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PURPOSE:To investigate the impact of selective hepatic artery clamping (SHAC) in hepatocellular function. METHODS:Three groups of Wistar male rats were subjected to SHAC ischemia period of 60min: Group A continuous SHAC were subjected to SHAC ischemia period of 60min, Group B intermittent SHAC of 30min with 5min of reperfusion and Group C intermittent SHAC of 15min with 5min of reperfusion. Animals without SHAC were included-Group D. To evaluate hepatocellular function blood markers and hepatic extraction function (HEF) using 99m Tc-mebrofenin were performed before and after surgery. Flow cytometry was used to analyze oxidative stress and cell viability. RESULTS:A mortality rate of 7.6% in Group A was observed. HEF maintained normal values between the groups. Flow cytometry demonstrated no significant differences between the groups in viability, type of cell death as well as in the production of reactive oxygen species. CONCLUSIONS: The selective hepatic artery clamping compared to other clamping techniques results on increased cell viability and decreased hepatocyte death. The SHAC is a potential alternative to decrease per-operative bleeding while maintaining hepatocellular function.

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Metabolic capacity in ALPPS is worse than in controls, improves between stages and correlates with volumetric growth. Bioenergetic adaptations in ALPPS could serve as surrogate markers of liver reserve and as target for energetic conditioning.

Sialolithiasis is a disease that affects the salivary glands. It is characterized by the presence of calcified structures within the duct system or within the glandular parenchyma. Those calculi, or sialoliths, can obstruct normal salivary flow, potentially leading to infectious sialadenitis, with pain, local swelling, and purulent discharge. Treatment typically consists of the surgical removal of the calculus, often in conjunction with sialoadenectomy. The authors report an atypical case of bilateral submandibular gland sialolithiasis treated conservatively, using intra-oral access to remove the calculi.