We evaluate bioclimatic changes in Kazakhstan from the end of the 20th century until the middle of the 21st century to offer natural resource managers a tool that facilitates their decision-making on measures to adapt agriculture and environmental care to foreseeable climate change. We use climatic data from the “Providing REgional Climates for Impact Studies” (PRECIS) prediction and study them following the Worldwide Bioclimatic Classification System (WBCS) of Rivas-Martínez. For three 25-year intervals (1980–2004, 2010–2034 and 2035–2059), we identify the continentality, macrobioclimates, bioclimates, bioclimatic variants, thermotypes, ombrotypes and isobioclimates of the study area. The results of the work allow us to: locate the territories where bioclimatic conditions will change, quantify the magnitude of the predicted climate changes, and determine the trends of predictable climate change. We present the results in maps, tables and graphs. For the 80-year interval, we identify 3 macroclimates, 3 bioclimatic variants, 10 bioclimates, 11 thermotypes, 10 ombrotypes and 43 isobioclimates. Some of those found bioclimates, thermotypes, ombrotypes and isobioclimates are only located in the E, SE and S mountains, where they occupy very small areas, that decrease in a generalized way as the 20th century progresses. Comparing the three successive periods, the following trends are observed: 36.2% of the territory increases in thermicity; 7.3% of the territory increases in continentality; 9.7% of the territory increases in annual aridity; 9.5% of the territory increases in summer aridity or mediterraneity; and generalized losses occur in the areas of all mountain isobioclimates. The climate change foreseen by the PRECIS model for the middle of the 21st century leads to bioclimatic homogenization, with 20.8% losses in bioclimatic diversity. We indicate on maps the locations of all the predicted bioclimatic changes; these maps may provide decision makers with a scientific basis to take necessary adaptation measures.
RESUMENEn el presente estudio se analizan las variaciones espaciales y temporales entre Isobioclimas de la España peninsular en dos periodos climáticos normales consecutivos (1951-1980 y 1981-2010). Los criterios aplicados para caracterizar los Isobioclimas son los de la Worldwide Bioclimatic Classification System (WBCS). El estudio se llevo a cabo con las bases de datos de alta resolución espacial de temperatura y precipitación mensual, MOTEDAS y MOPREDAS respectivamente, en su versión de malla de 10x10 km. En el primer periodo normal se han encontrado 40 Isobioclimas y 36 en el segundo. Entre ambos periodos el 38,56% del territorio peninsular español cambia de Isobioclima, mientras que el 61,44% restante permanece estable. Considerando como movilidad de un Isobioclima su cambio de ubicación en el espacio geográfico, medible por la superficie que cede a otros, más la superficie que recibe de otros, todos los Isobioclimas se mueven y el total de los traslados asciende al 77,12% del territorio.Palabras clave: Bioclimatología, España, Fitotrones naturales, Variabilidad espacial, Movilidad translacional. ABSTRACTIn the present study spatial and temporal variations amongst Isobioclimas of mainland Spain are analyzed for two consecutive normal climatic periods (1951-1980 y 1981-2010). The criteria used for characterizing the Isobioclimates are those of the Worldwide Bioclimatic Classification System, WBCS. The study was carried out with high spatial resolution databases of monthly average temperatura and monthly rainfall, MOTEDAS and MOPREDAS, in its version of mesh 10x10 km. 40 Isobioclimas have been found in the first normal period, and 36 in the second. Between the two periods 38.56% of the Spanish mainland changes Isobioclima, and the other 61.44% remains stable. Considering as mobility of a Isobioclimaits the changes of the geographical site, measurable by the surface it yields to others, plus the surface it receives from others, all Isobioclimates change places and total transfers rises to 77.12 of the territory.
RESUMENPara este trabajo se ha preparado una página web, y también un archivo en formato KML, compartido en la misma página web, con la información de los Isobioclimas de la España Peninsular y Balear, publicada en 2015. Para su realización se ha utilizado HTML5, estándar de la W3C para la geolocalización, y Open Layers para generación de mapas web de código abierto. Este formato permite ser leído por múltiples aplicaciones en diferentes sistemas operativos y tanto en dispositivos fijos (ordenadores) como portátiles (móviles y tablets). Así el usuario puede consultar, "in situ", la información del Isobioclima sobre el que se encuentra en el campo. Haciendo un clic de ratón sobre la mancha de Isobioclima, se obtiene más información sobre el mismo.Los Isobioclimas están definidos por todos los factores bioclimáticos jerarquizados de un área y se expresan con una frase que incluye Macrobioclima, Bioclima, Variante Bioclimática (si la hubiere) y Piso Bioclimático -Termotipo y Ombrotipo-y permiten reconocer las áreas de igual potencialidad biológica. Los geodatos preparados contienen la información de los 72 Isobioclimas encontrados en el territorio de la España Peninsular y Balear.Palabras clave: Bioclimatología, dispositivos móviles, HTML5, KML, geodatos. ABSTRACTFor this work a web page has been prepared, as well as a file in KML format, shared on the same web page, both with information on Isobioclimates of Peninsular Spain and the Balearic Islands, published in 2015. HTML5, W3C standard for geolocation, and Open Layers for generation of open source web mapping, have been used. This format can be read by multiple applications on different operating systems and in both fixed and devices (computers) and portable (mobile and tablets). So the user can consult, "in situ", information about the Isobioclimate of its present position in the field.
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