D’un point de vue juridique, les transactions bancaires sont des contrats conclus entre les banques et leurs clients. En Israël, ces contrats sont régis par le droit général des contrats, par l’ordonnance portant sur les délits civils, mais aussi par des règles bancaires spécifiques. Les décisions de la Cour Suprême, qui ont force obligatoire, sont une autre source de droit. Un point intéressant se dégage du fait que dans le système juridique Israélien, qui appartient à la famille du droit mixte, ces différentes règles résultent aussi bien de l’influence de droits étrangers -notamment celle du droit continental-que de l’influence du droit anglais. Dans cet article, l’Auteur tente d’expliquer et de concilier les principales règles qui régissent les contrats bancaires, telles qu’elles découlent des différentes sources de droit.
This article is a section of a doctoral thesis recently presented on “The Juridical Nature of the Bank-Depositor Relationship”. Its object was to determine the legal nature of general deposits of money in a bank account.After discussing the various explanations in the context of some of the main Civil law systems (those of France, Italy, Spain and Portugal) the Common Law systems (England, U.S.A.) and under Israeli law, the author reached the conclusion that a bank deposit is not a deposit stricto sensu, being neither an irregular deposit nor a loan, nor even a combination of both, but rather a contract sui generis. In his opinion, the depositor, having placed his money in the bank still retains ownership of the fund: the bank acquires possession and may dispose of the customer's money, thus showing part ownership. In other words, a deposit in a bank implies a contractual fragmentation of the depositor's ownership between the customer and the bank. As a result thereof both parties maintain converging real rights in the fund, thus giving rise to a peculiar real relationship.
In 1941, the Banking Ordinance enacted by the High Commissioner of Palestine defined “banking business” as the “business of receiving from the public on current account money which is to be repayable on demand by check, and of making advances to customers”. The most recently enacted Israeli Banking Law (Licensing), 1981 contains a very extensive definition of banking business which includes no less than thirteen types of transactions.This certainly reflects a new legal approach towards the economic reality of banking which in and of itself has not changed drastically. Moreover, the peculiar dynamics of the banking business also inspired the legal rule that the Governor of the Bank of Israel should have the right to enlarge the legal definition by recognizing the banking character of other transactions.
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