In this study, Callyspongia aerizusa (CA), one of the most popular marine sponges for cancer therapy research, was investigated for its phytochemical compounds and evaluated for its anticancer activity in various cell lines. Since lung cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer, a solution from this marine source is a good choice to address the resistance to anticancer agents. Elucidation of the underlying mechanism of cell death elicited by a CA extract in human lung carcinoma cells A549 was undertaken. Methods: The presence of secondary metabolites in CA methanol extract was revealed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and evaluated on four cancerous cell lines and a non-cancerous cell line using Cell Counting Kit-8. Since the activity of CA extract in A549 cells was then evaluated through clonogenic assay, morphological detection of apoptosis, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blot assay, were also presented in this study. Results: GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of two ergosteroids, ergost-22-en -3-one, (5β,22E), and ergost-7-en-3-ol, (35β) in the sponge extract that was suggested to suppress A549 cells (IC 50 9.38 μg/mL), and another cancerous cell's viability (IC 50 3.12-10.72 μg/mL) in 24 h, but not in the non-cancerous cells. Moreover, CA extract was also able to reduce the colony-forming ability of A549 cells, and through A549 cells morphology seems that apoptosis is the underlying mechanism of cell death. Further, the treatment with CA extract induced the up-regulation of caspase-9, caspase-3, and PARP-1, and the down-regulation of BCL-2, in both mRNA and proteins expression level, promoting apoptotic cell death via caspase cascade. Conclusion: These findings suggest that the compounds in CA extract possess the ability to induce apoptotic cell death in A549 cells and could become a promising candidate for future anticancer therapy.
The principle of the zoning system, which regulates regional zones for prospective students, is to bring the student's domicile closer to the school, where zoning is determined at every level by the Regional Government following its authority. In implementing zoning, it is important to pay attention to the amount of available capacity according to the availability of the number of school-age children at each level in the area. Depok City has 13 public high schools spread over 11 sub-districts that can accommodate 3,858 junior high school graduates. This became disproportionate to the number of outputs or junior high school graduates who were more than the available capacity. Based on the use of LBS technology, it was hoped that it would be easier to obtain information on the distance from the user's domicile to the destination school, where in the Depok there are 13 State Senior High Schools that are the reference. In designing the Location Based Services (LBS) application, SMAN Depok City used case diagrams, navigation structure designs, storyboards and database designs. The page design and database design results were expected to be used as a guide for programmers in making applications.
The zoning system that regulates regional zones for new students is basically carried out to bring the student's domicile closer to school, the application of the zoning system is carried out at every level by the Regional Government in accordance with its authority. In the application of zoning system, it is necessary to pay attention on the availability of the school capacity which is adjusted to the availability of the number of school-age children at each level in the area. Depok only has 13 Public Senior High School spread across 11 sub-district which can accommodates 3,858 Junior High School graduates. This becomes disproportionate to the number of junior high school graduates which are more than the school available capacity. The condition that occurs is that there is no form of calculating the distance from student's location to the school based on a straight line so that an accurate distance is obtained. In this study, a mapping of the distribution of high school in Depok was carried out, then the distance was calculated using the Haversine formula. Implementation of distance measurement in this study in the form of a website. The results of the study can provide distance information to get school recommendations that are in accordance with the zone criteria, and this study has a good accuracy value of 97.22%.
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