Antimicrobial agents are used extremely in order to reduce the great losses caused by Escherichia coli infections in poultry industry. In this study, 318 pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) strains isolated from commercial broiler flocks with coli-septicemia were examined for antimicrobials of both veterinary and human significance by disc diffusion method. Multiple resistances to antimicrobial agents were observed in all the isolates. Resistance to the antibiotics was as follows: Tylosin (88.68%), Erythromycin (71.70%), Oxytetracycline (43.40%), Sulfadimethoxine-Trimethoprim (39.62%), Enrofloxacin (37.74%), Florfenicol (35.85%), Chlortetracycline (33.96%), Doxycycline (16.98%), Difloxacin (32.08%), Danofloxacin (28.30%), Chloramphenicol (20.75%), Ciprofloxacin (7.55%), and Gentamicin (5.66%). This study showed resistance against the antimicrobial agents that are commonly applied in poultry, although resistance against the antibiotics that are only applied in humans or less frequently used in poultry was significantly low. This study emphasizes on the occurrence of multiple drug resistant E. coli among diseased broiler chickens in Iran. The data revealed the relative risks of using antimicrobials in poultry industry. It also concluded that use of antibiotics must be limited in poultry farms in order to reduce the antibiotic resistances.

Aim:The aim of this investigation was to determine the tooth size ratio in an Iranian-Azari population. Method and Materials:The Bolton tooth size analysis was performed on a sample of 50 plaster models (25 male subjects, 25 female subjects) of Iranian-Azari subjects. The mesiodistal widths of all teeth were obtained and the Bolton anterior ratio and overall ratio were calculated. The mean, range, and standard deviation were calculated for the anterior and overall ratio, and a coefficient of variation was obtained for the tooth size ratio.Results: For the anterior ratio (3-3), the Iranian-Azari had a mean of 78.0 mm with a standard deviation of 3.1; the range was 73.68 to 84.6 mm. For the overall ratio (6-6), the mean was 92.0 mm with a standard deviation of 2.4; the range was 88.09 to 97.5 mm. Conclusions:The results from the Iranian-Azari subjects in the study are similar to Bolton's original data for an American population. These values and the degree of variation were similar to the original data by Bolton, indicating the Bolton analysis for Caucasian samples can be transferred to an Iranian-Azari population. It also confirms no relevant sexual dimorphism exists, and these values are valid for both male and female subjects.

Cryopreserved spermatozoon has some defects on membrane causing hyper activation, cryo-capacitation and timeless (early) acrosome reaction that lead to low fertility. While low fertility is generally accepted as a consequence of cryopreservation of sperm cells, a lot of studies are being carried out on cryopreservation techniques to improve spermatozoon membrane integrity and also viability. Some studies point out that using materials such as Cannabinoids can be effective in achieving this aim. The main effects of endocannabinoids on spermatozoa are the inhibition of motility, capacitation and acrosome reaction. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of soluted Met-anandamide in extender on post thawing sperm motility, capacitation and acrosome reaction in ram semen cryopreservation. For this aim, ten ejaculated collected from five mature Bakhtiari rams were diluted with extender containing Met-anandamide, equilibrated and then cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen vapour (approximately −125 to −130°C). Cryopreserved semen samples were preserved in liquid nitrogen until evaluation. Post thawing sperm analyses revealed that the Cannabinoids agonists affected the motility of ram sperm after thawing (P<0.05), resulting in an increase in the AEA (arachidonoylethanolamide) concentration (10, 100 and 1000 nM) which significantly reduced sperm motility. subsequent freezing and thawing. On the other hand, the degrading enzyme of endocannabinoid FAAH may have had a reduction effect on sperm motility and increased capacitation and early acrosome reaction (P<0.05). In conclusion, endocannabinoid system may be used to improve ram sperm freezing. Keywords: Ram, Sperm, Cryopreservation, Met-anandamide, FAAH, Capacitation Met-Anandamidin Koç Spermasının Dondurulmasında Hiperaktivasyon, Kryo-Kapasitasyon ve Akrozom Reaksiyonunun Önlenmesi Üzerine EtkisiÖzet Dondurulmuş spermatazoon membranında oluşan bazı hasarlar hiperaktivasyona, kryo-kapasitasyona ve zamansız (erken) akrozom reaksiyonuna neden olarak düşük fertiliteye yol açabilmektedir. Genel olarak; düşük fertilitenin sperm hücrelerinin dondurulmasının bir sonucu olarak oluştuğu kabul edilirken, spermatazoon membran bütünlüğünü sağlama ve aynı zamanda canlılığını artırmaya yönelik dondurma teknikleri üzerinde pek çok yeni çalışma yapılmaktadır. Bu amaçla, bazı araştırmalar Cannabinoid gibi maddelerin kullanımının etkili olabileceğini göstermektedir. Endocannabinoidlerin spermatozoa üzerine asıl etkisi motiliteyi inhibe etmesi, kapasitasyon ve akrozom reaksiyonudur. Sunulan çalışmanın amacı, koç semen dondurulmasında Met-anandamid solüsyonu içeren sulandırıcıyla sulandırmanın çözünme sonrası sperm motilitesi, kapasitasyonu ve akrozom reaksiyonu üzerine etkisini araştırmaktır. Bu amaçla, 5 adet ergin Bakhtiari koçundan elde edilen 10 ejekulat Met-anandamid içeren sulandırıcı ile sulandırılarak, ekilibre edilmesinin ardından sıvı azot buharında (yaklaşık −125 ila −130°C) donduruldu. Dondurulmuş sperma örnekleri değerlendirilenceye kadar sıvı azot içerisinde muha...

In this study, 318 commercial broiler flocks from 18 Parent Stocks with different breeder age were investigated to assess the changes of antimicrobial agent resistance. All samples were collected from April 2009 to March 2012 and Parent Stocks age was between 30 to 63 week years old. The majority of isolates were resistant to Tylosin and Erythromycin, the minimum resistant to Gentamicin and Ciprofloxacin were found and other antimicrobial susceptible test showed different resistance percentage from 20.75 to 43.40. These data suggested that the time passing as an independent factor whether in the study as seasonal changes or as passing of different years and without effect of other factors cannot be effective on increase of the bacterial resistance and, also, antimicrobial agent resistances found in chickens' showed a significant increase when the age of breeders is increased.