Deep fat frying is a method of food preparation which has been popular for quite a number of years. During deep frying, the quality of oil and the finished product decreases as the result of heat treatment of the oil exposed to air at high temperature. Application of heat by microwave as an alternative to the conventional method of frying has become popular in recent years. In this research, the effects of microwave frying on the changes in the quality indices of used oil have been investigated. To achieve this, potato slices were fried in both frying and sunflower oils by application of medium power microwave (550 W) for 20 min, three times a day, for five consecutive days, and oils were sampled for analysis. The results obtained from the chemical tests demonstrated that used frying oil had lower polar compounds, a higher induction period, and more saturated fatty acids than sunflower oil. The interesting point observed was that peroxides formed as the result of oxidation chain reactions were not broken down and were built up due to the lower temperature and shorter period of frying. Therefore microwave frying might be considered as a suitable alternative to the conventional frying due to less degradation of the oil and consequently a lower production of artifacts.

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Background Crop wild relatives (CWRs) are commonly used as a suitable genetic reservoir for plant breeding. They can be used for enhancing the tolerance of plant varieties to biotic and abiotic stresses. Studying the genetic diversity of related wheat species in Iran could be useful to improve different traits of bread wheat, since the country is one of the major centers of genetic diversity and distribution of Aegilops species. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine the relationship among 48 Aegilops triuncialis accessions using three DNA marker systems, including start codon targeted (SCoT), CAAT box-derived polymorphism (CBDP), and inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. Results A total of 359 amplified DNA fragments were generated using 13 CBDP, 14 SCoT, and 16 ISSR primers that produced 96, 147, and 152 bands, respectively. The discriminating power of the three markers was assessed using polymorphism information content (PIC), marker index (MI), and resolving power (Rp). The mean values of PIC for ISSR, SCoT, and CBDP markers were 0.3, 0.26, and 0.34, respectively, indicating the efficiency of the three markers in detecting polymorphism among the studied accessions. ISSR markers had the highest values of MI, Rp, and polymorphism percentage as compared to SCoT and CBDP markers. Based on the Shannon index and heterozygosity values, genetic diversity in the Alborz population was more than in other populations. The accessions were classified into six, five, and five groups based on ISSR, SCoT, and CBDP using the UPGMA method. According to the results of cluster and PCoA analyses, the variation patterns corresponded with the geographical distribution of the Ae. triuncialis accessions. Conclusions The three markers provided a comprehensive pattern of the genetic diversity among the Iranian Ae. triuncialis accessions. This information could allow for a future insight into wheat breeding programs.

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Fish oil has many health effects, but due to its strong odor and rapid spoilage, its use in food formulations is limited. For these reasons, nanoencapsulation of fish oil can be important. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of whey protein concentrate (WPC) and gum arabic as wall materials on the characteristics of nanoencapsulated fish oil powder. Gum arabic and WPC were used in varying amounts for nanoencapsulation of fish oil. An oil-in-water emulsion with 6% fish oil and 20% aqueous solution of wall materials was prepared by sonication (24 kHz for 120 sec). The diameter of the emulsion droplets was measured by particle size analysis and they then were dried in a freeze-drier. The results showed that the type and concentration of wall material influenced the characteristics of the nanocapsules. The smallest emulsion droplet diameter (50 nm) and the highest encapsulation efficiency were found in the sample containing 100% gum arabic; however, the lowest amount of surface oil, pH and highest zeta potential and moisture content also were recorded for this sample. Ot can be concluded that gum arabic is more suitable for nanoencapsulation and could appropriately contain the volatile compounds within the capsules.

Genotype by Environment (GxE) interactions of 29 rapeseed genotypes in normal irrigation and irrigation cut off from flowering and silique formation stages have been worked out from the data recorded during three cropping seasons. Combined variance analysis showed a significant variation for year (cropping season), moisture regimes, genotype, genotype x moisture regimes and genotype x year interactions. Results of AMMI model analysis showed that three first genotype x environment principal components (PC) were significant at 1% level of probability and fourth PC at 5% level. These four components explained 35.6, 24.4, 18.4 and 14.8 per cent of the GxE sum of squares, respectively. According to AMMI2 biplot analysis, genotypes such as L155, Neptune, Elvise, Jerry, GkGabriella, Sw102, GKH0224, Julius, GKH3705 and Sarigol were positioned in the center of the biplot so had the least GxE interaction and showed the most general compatibility. Based on simultaneous selection, winter type of genotypes namely, GKH2624, SW102, HW118, GKH3705, Wpn6 and L72 were identified as high yielding and stable whereas, spring genotypes namely, Zabol10, Dalgan, Jerome and Hyola4815 were identified as low yielding with poor stability.

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