Background. While more and more sport organizations broadly acknowledge their ability at delivering social values, corporate social responsibility (CSR) is rapidly growing at a significant rate across the professional sport industry and its related organizations. Despite the growing body of research in this area, measuring CSR is still problematic. Objectives. Therefore, the aim of this study is to provide an efficient, valid, and reliable measure of CSR reflecting the responsibilities of sport industry. Methods. Based on a proposed conceptual framework of CSR, a scale was developed via a standard procedure for developing instrument measures. In this study, to determine and assess the underlying factorial structure, convergent and discriminate validity of measurement scale, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis was performed. Data was collected from 640 sport fans in Iran's Football Premier League. Results. The results of the analysis provided a five-dimensional structure of CSR in sport, such as economic, philanthropic, ethical, legal, and environmental issues. These dimensions explained 50.827% of the total variance. In addition, the KMO measure was computed and the results indicated an index of 0.927. Moreover, the values of Cronbach's alpha obtained for five factors ranged from 0.848 to 0.967. The results show the reliability and validity of this new scale in sport industry. Conclusion. This study implies that from a consumer's perspective, CSR is perceived as a set of attributes; therefore, it is important for a professional sports team's management to understand fans' interest in social issues and fans' responses to various CSR programs.

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PurposeSustainable development of entrepreneurship could be comprehensively analyzed using a simulation model for entrepreneurship ecosystem based on the system dynamics approach. Thus, a complete analysis of the entrepreneurship ecosystem is of high importance. However, an effective analysis of entrepreneurship ecosystem involves many challenges, such as the presence of several factors which interact with each other in various ways with different complex effects in time. Therefore, the approach used in this study is employing analysis of entrepreneurship ecosystems in sports industry using analysis of dynamic systems.Design/methodology/approachSeveral applied issues such as entrepreneurship opportunities, infrastructures, market opportunities and entrepreneurship space in the borders of the dynamic model developed based on the literature and experts' opinion. Finally, a set of strategies based on experts' opinion are ranked with the objective of improvement of evaluation measures using network analysis decision-making approach and fuzzy TOPSIS.FindingsThe results obtained indicate the important role of sports entrepreneurship opportunities, sports tourism, market opportunities, entrepreneurship infrastructures and entrepreneurship-oriented environment in the development of sports entrepreneurship infrastructure in Iran. The credibility and efficiency of the proposed model for analysis of sports entrepreneurship have been ultimately shown.Originality/valueA holistic approach is proposed based on the hybrid system dynamics approach and fuzzy decision-making method to analyses sports entrepreneurship ecosystem.

Background: Social marketing emphasizes the use of commercial marketing concepts and their application for social purposes and also the change of voluntary behavior in a nonprofit manner. This study mainly aimed to examine the effectiveness of social marketing in changing the physical activity of the elderly. Besides, this study sought to determine the extent to which the Andreason social marketing criteria have been targeted in social marketing interventions. Methods: This was a narrative review study that investigated social marketing interventions to promote elderly physical activity, during 2000-2019. The scientific databases (Elmnet, SID, Irandoc, Civilica, Medline, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, Web of Science, ProQuest, and Emerald) were searched between February and March 2019. The searched keywords included physical activity, social marketing, the elderly, social marketing mix, improving physical activity level, social marketing intervention, social marketing campaigns, and the Andreasen criteria. Finally, nine articles entered the study. Then, the mixed marketing components were extracted from the interventions, and six benchmarks of the Andrasen social marketing interventions were analyzed. Results: Most articles employed four components of the marketing mix. No intervention had applied the six measures of the Andrasen social marketing criteria. Also, five studies reported positive behavioral changes. However, other studies have reported no change in negative behavior. According to the evidence gathered in our study, social marketing offers an effective behavioral change approach to increase physical activity in the elderly. Conclusion: The present findings provide the basis for comprehensive and effective social marketing interventions.

The purpose of this paper was to investigate the organizational behavior of employees

Background and Objectives: Coronavirus Disease (2019) (COVID-19) not only threatens the physical health of individuals but also causes multiple mental conditions. This study aimed to investigate the impact of COVID-19 concerns on student-athletes ' mental health with the modifying role of social support. Methods This descriptive-correlational study was conducted using the field research method and gender-based multi-group analysis. The statistical population consisted of student-athletes from Region 9 of Iran. Using G*Power, the statistical sample was determined to be 146 subjects who were selected by simple random sampling technique. The Keyes Mental Health Questionnaire ( 2006) and the Social Support and COVID-19 Concerns Questionnaire (Graupensperger, 2020) were used to collect the required data after their validity and reliability were confirmed. The collected data were analyzed using the Partial Least Square (PLS) method. ResultsThe study data revealed that COVID-19 concern presents a significant negative impact on student-athletes' mental health. Social support also played a modifying role in the relationship between CO-VID-19 concern and the examined subjects' mental health and undermined this relationship. Moreover, the PLS-MGA results revealed no gender-wise significant difference in this respect. Conclusion Concerns about COVID-19 adversely affect students' mental health. Additionally, social support can positively influence this population's mental health and reduce the negative impact of CO-VID-19 disease on their mental health.