A safe and standard billboard construction is very important everywhere as well as in and around Banjarmasin. Therefore, the research using cross-sectional descriptive design to analyze the ratio of axial-flexible stress of pillars was conducted. The inclusion criteria for the billboards are billboards with dimension of 4x6 m2, 5x10 m2 and cross-road horizontal billboard or Bando. Meanwhile the exclusion criteria are billboards with dimension of 2x4 m2, 1x1 m2 and non-steel materials billboards. The result shows that billboard construction that is considered safe as well as standard one is billboard with the dimension of 4x6 m2, 10” pillar, 5x5 cm2 angled steel profile; and five pillars Bando with 18” middle pillar, two f 10” side pillars (2.5” truss). Meanwhile billboard construction which is not considered safe are 5x10 m2 billboard, 18” pillar, 2”truss, 5x5 cm2 angled steel profile; and Bando with three 18” pillars, 2” truss. The improvement for 5x10 m2 billboards is by adding 2” diagonal truss, 18” pillar, 2” truss; for three pillars Bando, the improvement is by adding four f 6” pillar, 18” pillar, 2.5” truss.
To improve the theory of Richard's equation, studying infiltration under free-draining conditions at the ground surface is necessary. Verification is required to clarify the physical model of water movement. The aim of this study was to describe multistage measurements of both the wetting and the drying front scheme of one-dimensional infiltration at laboratory scale. A soil-column infiltration apparatus was built consisting of a double acrylic wall, a sensor set and a light bulb. Acrylic was chosen as the material for the wall to minimize possible heat conduction on the wall side, which was wrapped in double insulation to achieve adiabatic condition. The following three main sensors were used and controlled by a microcontroller: water-content, pressure and temperature sensors. Meanwhile, the light bulb at the top of the apparatus was set to non-isothermal condition. The instrument was successfully built to describe vertical water movement. Slight modifications were carried out to ensure more precise observation. This resulted in the initiating of new shape interpretation based on the water-ponding measurement to refine the simplified pattern that was introduced by the conventional Green-Ampt theory.
Abstract. Landfill of residual soil due to mining activity in the wetland area is a relatively complex issue due to the soft soil conditions that are vulnerable to landslides. The stabilization method to increase the safety factor from landslide hazard can be done by decreasing the degree of water saturation in the soil disposal. In this case, the dominant mechanical parameters used in slope stability analysis will be elaborated with the SWCC concept for soft soil. While the conceptual model is built, it is based on the phenomenon of negative pore water pressure that appears in the vadose zone on the groundwater surface. The information provided from the hysteresis curve configuration can be used as an additional reference for the optimistic disaster analysis.
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