A coordinated survey for Cronobacter and related organisms in powdered infant formula, follow up formula and infant foods was undertaken by 8 laboratories in 7 countries in recognition of and in response to the data needs identified in an FAO/WHO call for data in order to develop global risk management guidance for these products. The products (domestic and imported) were purchased from the local market and were categorised according to their principle ingredients. A total of 290 products were analysed using a standardised procedure of pre-enrichment in 225 ml Buffered Peptone Water (BPW), followed by enrichment in Enterobacteriaceae Enrichment (EE) broth, plating on the chromogenic Cronobacter Druggan-Forsythe-Iversen (DFI) agar and presumptive identification with ID 32 E. Presumptive Cronobacter isolates were identified using 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Aerobic plate counts (APC) of the products were also determined on nutrient agar. Fourteen samples had APC>10(5) cfu/g, 3 of which contained probiotic cultures. C. sakazakii was isolated from 27 products; 3/91 (3%) follow up formulas (as defined by Codex Alimentarius Commission), and 24/199 (12%) infant foods and drinks. Hence C. sakazakii was less prevalent in follow up formula than other foods given to infants over the same age range. A range of other bacteria were also isolated from follow up formulas, including Acinetobacter baumannii, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Citrobacter freundii, and Serratia ficaria. There was significant variation in the reconstitution instructions for follow up formulas. These included using water at temperatures which would enable bacterial growth. Additionally, the definition of follow up formula varied between countries.

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El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo identificar la composición de aceites de bellota de tres especies del grupo del roble blanco del Mediterráneo, Quercus Aegilops (QA), Quercus infectoria (QI) y Quercus calliprinus (QC). Las muestras fueron evaluadas por el contenido de aceite, pará-metros físico-químicos del aceite, perfil de ácidos grasos, tocoferoles, compuestos fenólicos y esteroles. El contenido de aceite, expresado en peso seco encontrado fue de 3,40 a 7,51%. Las constantes físico-químicas fueron: densidad 0,912-0,922, índice de refracción 1,4529 a 1,4645, extinción específica a 232 nm 2,497-2,536 y a 270 nm 1,495-2,037, índice de yodo 75,2-87,6, e índice de saponificación 192,6-219,4. Las composiciones de ácidos grasos se determinaron por GC como ésteres metilicos. Los ácidos grasos más abundantes fueron oleico 53,3-56,1%, linoleico 21,3-23,4%, palmítico 17,8-18,7%, linolénico 1.5-1.6% y esteárico 1,02-1,60%. El contenido de tocoferoles fue alto: 1440-1783 mg kg -1 , constituyendo el γ-tocoferol entre el 84-91% de los tocoferoles totales. Los compuestos fenólicos estaban presentes en cantidades notables en las tres especies 84-109 mg de ácido gálico kg -1 aceite. El contenido total de esteroles fue de 2040-2480 mg kg -1 de aceite, siendo el β-sitosterol el componente principal que comprende de 77,2-84,6%, seguido de la Δ5-avenasterol 5.8-11.4, campesterol 3.6-4.5%, y estigmasterol 2.6-3.8%.El contenido de colesterol fue relativamente alto (0,42-0,55%). PALABRAS CLAVE: Aceite de bellota -Compuestos fenólicos -Esteroles -Perfil de ácidos grasos -Quercus spp. -Tocoferoles. SUMMARY Characterization of Acorn Fruit Oils Extracted from Selected Mediterranean Quercus SpeciesThe present study is aimed to identifying the acorn fruit oil composition of three Mediterranean white oak group species, Quercus aegilops (QA), Quercus infectoria (QI), and Quercus calliprinus (QC). Samples were estimated for the oil contents of acorn fruits, oil chemical and physical constants, fatty acid profile, tocopherols, phenolic compounds, and sterols.The oil content, expressed as dry weight, was found to be 3.40-7.51%. The physical and chemical constants included specific gravity 0.912-0.922, refractive index 1.4529-1.4645, specific extinction at 232 nm 2.497-2.536 and at 270 nm 1.495-2.037, iodine value 75.2-87.6, and saponification value 192.6-219.4. The fatty acid compositions were determined by GC as methyl esters. The most abundant fatty acids were oleic (53.3-56.1%), linoleic 21.3-23.4%, palmitic 17.8-18.7%, linolenic 1.5-1.6% and stearic acid 1.02-1.60%. The Tocopherol content was high in the range of 1440-1783 mg kg -1 , γ-tocopherol constituted 84-91% of total tocopherols. Phenolic compounds were in remarkable amounts in all the three species 84-109 mg gallic acid kg -1 oil. Total sterol contents were between 2040-2480 mg kg -1 oil, with β-sitosterol being the main component comprising of 77.20-84.61%, followed by Δ 5 -avenasterol (5.8-11.4%), campesterol (3.6-4.5%), and stigmasterol (2.6-3.8). The cholesterol content wa...

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