Tropical peatlands are fragile ecosystems with an important role in conserving biodiversity, water quality and availability, preventing floods, soil intrusion, erosion and sedimentation, and providing a livelihood for people. However, due to illegal logging, fire and conversion into other land use, the peatlands in Indonesia are under serious threat. Efforts to restore Indonesia’s tropical peatlands have been accelerated by the establishment of the Peatland Restoration Agency in early 2016. The restoration action policy includes the rewetting, revegetation and revitalisation of local livelihood (known as the 3Rs). This paper summarises the regulatory, institutional and planning aspects of peatland restoration, in addition to the implementation of the 3Rs in Indonesia, including failures, success stories, and the criteria and indicators for the success of peatland restoration.

Tropical forests are among the most diverse ecosystems in the world, completed by huge biodiversity. An expansion in natural resource extraction through open-pit mining activities leads to increasing land and tropical forest degradation. Proper science-based practices are needed as an effort to reclaim their function. This paper summarizes the existing practice of coal mining, covering the regulatory aspects and their reclamation obligations, the practices of coal mining from various sites with different land characteristics, and the reclamation efforts of the post-mining landscapes in Indonesia. The regulations issued accommodate the difference between mining land inside the forest area and outside the forest area, especially in the aspect of the permit authority and in evaluating the success rate of reclamation. In coal-mining practices, this paper describes starting from land clearing activities and followed by storing soil layers and overburden materials. In this step, proper handling of potentially acid-forming materials is crucial to prevent acid mine drainage. At the reclamation stage, this paper sequentially presents research results and the field applications in rearranging the overburden and soil materials, controlling acid mine drainage and erosion, and managing the drainage system, settling ponds, and pit lakes. Many efforts to reclaim post-coal-mining lands and their success rate have been reported and highlighted. Several success stories describe that post-coal-mining lands can be returned to forests that provide ecosystem services and goods. A set of science-based best management practices for post-coal-mine reforestation is needed to develop to promote the success of forest reclamation and restoration in post-coal-mining lands through the planting of high-value hardwood trees, increasing trees’ survival rates and growth, and accelerating the establishment of forest habitat through the application of proper tree planting technique. The monitoring and evaluation aspect is also crucial, as corrective action may be taken considering the different success rates for different site characteristics.

Indonesia has the second-largest biodiversity of any country in the world. Deforestation and forest degradation have caused a range of environmental issues, including habitat degradation and loss of biodiversity, deterioration of water quality and quantity, air pollution, and increased greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to climate change. Forest restoration at the landscape level has been conducted to balance ecological integrity and human well-being. Forest restoration efforts are also aimed at reducing CO2 emissions and are closely related to Indonesia’s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) from the forestry sector. The purpose of this paper is to examine the regulatory, institutional, and policy aspects of forest restoration in Indonesia, as well as the implementation of forest restoration activities in the country. The article was written using a synoptic review approach to Forest Landscape Restoration (FLR)-related articles and national experiences. Failures, success stories, and criteria and indicators for forest restoration success are all discussed. We also discuss the latest silvicultural techniques for the success of the forest restoration program. Restoration governance in Indonesia has focused on the wetland ecosystem such as peatlands and mangroves, but due to the severely degraded condition of many forests, the government has by necessity opted for active restoration involving the planting and establishment of livelihood options. The government has adapted its restoration approach from the early focus on ecological restoration to more forest landscape restoration, which recognizes that involving the local community in restoration activities is critical for the success of forest restoration.

ABSTRAKAplikasi Fungi Mikoriza Arbuskula (FMA) merupakan alternatif untuk menghasilkan bibit berkualitas. Bibit bermikoriza mempunyai daya hidup lebih tinggi, terutama pada kondisi lahan yang sangat ekstrim seperti lahan bekas tambang kapur. Selain itu, penggunaan jenis tanaman yang tepat dapat mendukung keberhasilan reklamasi lahan bekas tambang. Alstonia scholaris, Acacia auriculiformis dan Muntingia calabura merupakan jenis tanaman yang toleran terhadap tanah miskin hara dan alkalin seperti lahan bekas tambang kapur.

ABSTRAKTanah bekas tambang kapur mempunyai karakteristik yang tidak mendukung pertumbuhan tanaman karena memiliki kualitas tanah yang buruk baik secara kimia, fisika dan biologi. Untuk meningkatkan pertumbuhan tanaman maka upaya yang dilakukan adalah memperbaiki kualitas tanah melalui inokulasi fungi mikoriza arbuskula (FMA) dan aplikasi kompos. Asosiasi FMA dengan akar tanaman memperluas permukaan akar sehingga meningkatkan penyerapan air dan unsur hara. Aplikasi kompos, selain bertujuan menyediakan unsur hara, juga meningkatkan porositas tanah sehingga mendukung pertumbuhan tanaman, dan perkembangan FMA. Oleh karena itu efektivitas FMA dan kompos diduga bisa lebih ditingkatkan jika keduanya diaplikasikan secara bersama-sama. Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengetahui efektivitas FMA dan kompos pada pertumbuhan semai jati di media tanah bekas tambang kapur. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan pola faktorial. Terdapat 2 faktor perlakuan yaitu Inokulasi FMA dan Persentase Kompos. Masing-masing taraf perlakuan adalah Inokulasi FMA, yaitu Tanpa mikoriza (K), Acaulospora sp. (A), Gigaspora sp. (G), dan Campuran Acaulospora sp. dan Gigaspora sp. (M); dan persentase kompos, terdiri dari Tanpa kompos (K0), kompos 5% (K5), Kompos 10% (K10), dan Kompos 15% (K15). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kombinasi inokulasi FMA dan persentase kompos meningkatkan pertumbuhan dan kualitas semai jati. Inokulasi Gigaspora sp. dengan kompos 5% (GK5) memberikan respon paling baik untuk diameter batang dan indeks mutu bibit. Jumlah daun paling banyak ditunjukkan oleh semai yang diinokulasi FMA Mix dengan penambahan kompos 5% (MK5). Inokulasi FMA Acaulospora sp. dan kompos 15% (AK15) menghasilkan biomassa tertinggi. Rasio Pucuk Akar dan persentase kolonisasi FMA paling tinggi terdapat pada semai yang diinokulasi Gigaspora sp. dengan kompos 15% (GK15). Dengan demikian kombinasi perlakuan terbaik yang direkomendasi untuk menghasilkan semai jati berkualitas adalah GK5 karena menghasilkan semai dengan tinggi, diameter dan indeks kualitas semai terbaik. (K=without AMF, A=Acaulospora sp., G=Gigaspora sp., and M=Mix of Acaulospora sp. and Gigaspora sp.) and Compost percentage (K0=without compost, K5=5% compost, K10=10% compost, and K15=15% compost