Infectious diseases are one of the biggest health problems not only in Indonesia, but also in the whole world. Prescribing antibiotics in Indonesia are quite high and increased the incidence of resistance. This study is aimed to evaluate the rationality of antibiotic use in children at the hospital qualitatively. This research is descriptive analysis of retrospective antibiotic prescribing data in children use a Gyssens' criteria and types of antibiotic therapy. Incidence of infection in children under 12 y of age amounted to 93.2%. The analysis results by using the Gyssens' criteria are obtained category O (rational use) of 32%, V (no indication) of 27.4%, inappropriate dose (IIA) of 0.6%, inappropriate interval (IIB) of 1.7%, duration too short (IIIA) of 2.9%, duration too long (IIIB) of 11.4%, alternative more effective (IVA) of 17.7%, alternative less toxic (IVB) of 2.9%, alternative less cost (IVC) of 2.9% and alternative narrower spectrum (IVD) of 0.6%. The results showed that the grouping of most types of therapy was antimicrobial drugs empiric therapy in 47.4% cases followed successively by antimicrobial drugs unknown therapy 32.6%, antimicrobial drugs documented therapy amounted to 12%, antimicrobial drugs extended empiric therapy amounted to 6.9% and antimicrobial drugs prophylaxis therapy amounted to 1.1%. The use of antibiotics in paediatric patients at the hospital in Bengkulu, Indonesia substantially has been inappropriate based on qualitative analysis. Key words: Antibiotics, paediatric, Gyssens' criteriaInfectious diseases in Indonesia are still among the top ten most prevalent diseases. Most infections, especially in children under 5 y old (toddlers) are acute respiratory tract infections amounted to 18% [1] . The prevalence of respiratory infections and pneumonia are highest in the age group 1-4 years in the population of Indonesia. An antibiotic prescribing in Indonesia is quite high, which might contribute to increase in the incidence of resistance. The impact of antibiotic resistance is increasing the morbidity, mortality and health care costs. In the last decade, many microorganisms showed an increase in the incidence of resistance to standard therapy. It is an estimated worldwide phenomenon caused by misuse and overuse of antibiotics.A study in two major cities in Indonesia (Semarang and Surabaya) found 76% of prescribing antibiotics were intended for groups of paediatric patients. Another report from the city of Denpasar, Indonesia showed that antibiotic prescriptions for children was at a high level of 265 prescriptions (90.4%) out of a total of 293 [2] . In the United States, each year a large number of antibiotic prescriptions are for children and out of those in 50% of the cases, prescribing an antibiotic was not indicated [3] . In Canada, 74% of preschool children were prescribed antibiotics for the treatment of respiratory infections and 85% of these cases got a prescription for an antibiotic, when not needed [4] . Most at risk were young children, teenagers, and those with medical ...

Background: One of skin diseases that is frequently taking attention among teenagers and young adults is acne or in medical term called acne vulgaris. Acne treatment can be treated by repairing follicular abnormalities, decreasing sebum production, decreasing the number of Propionibacterium acnes colonies and reducing inflammation of the skin. The bacterial population of Propionibacterium acnes can be reduced by giving an antibacterial substance such as erythromycin, clindamycin and benzoyl peroxide. In the treatment of acne we can get antibacterial originating from nature, one of which can be obtained in the secondary metabolism of plants. The extracts and essential oils of betel leaf contain antibacterial and antifungal activities. The effectiveness of the use of betel leaf ethanol extract (Piper betle Linn) in acne treatment can be improved by creating formulations in form of cream preparations. Formulations in cream preparations will affect the amount and speed of active substances that can be absorbed. Objectives: To determine the effectiveness of the ethanol extract cream of betel leaf (piper betle linn) cream in formulas with what percentage of active substance has the most-inhibitory effect on the growth of Propionibacterium acnes. Methods:The study used experimental research. Propionibacterium acnes samples were diluted in 0.9% physiological NaCl sterile and embedded in Nutrient Agar (NA) media. The media was inserted into an incubator at 37 ° C for 24 hours. The test of antibacterial activity used the disk diffusion method. The antibacterial activity test results were statistically analyzed using the Statistical Product Services Solution (SPSS 17) program with a confidence level of 95% (α = 0.05). Results: The three creams containing betel leaf ethanol extracts at percentages of 5%, 10% and 15% for each had inhibitory zones: 9.8 mm, 15.85 mm, 17.35 mm. Conclusion: Cream that contains 15% active substance has the strongest inhibition.

Madu dapat membantu menekan pertumbuhan bakteri tertentu melalui beberapa mekanisme salah satunya yaitu dari komposisi kandungan senyawa kimia yang berbeda-beda berdasarkan sumber pakan nektarnya. Perbedaan tersebut diduga mempengaruhi perbedaan aktivitas madu sebagai antibakteri. Jerawat adalah peradangan yang terjadi pada kulit akibat adanya infeksi bakteri pada kelenjar minyak yang tersumbat. Bakteri yang umum menginfeksi jerawat adalah  Staphylococcus aureus dan  Propinibacterium acne. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui kandungan fitokimia dan uji aktivitas antibakteri madu hutan asli Bengkulu terhadap bakteri P.acne dan S. Aureus. Desain penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah eksperimental laboratorium. Pertama ditetapkan dulu kandungan fitokimia sampel madu, kemudian dilanjutkan dengan penetapan aktvitas antibakteri madu hutan terhadap bakteri P. acne dan S. aureus, potensi ini dilihat dari besarnya nilai Konsentrasi Hambat Minimum (KHM). Sampel madu hutan memiliki kandungan metabolit sekunder. Madu A mengandung Alkaloid dan Terpenoid, Madu B mengandung terpenoid, Madu C mengandung Alkaloid, Madu D mengandung Flavonoid dan alkaloid, sementara Madu E dan F mengandung flavonoid. Dari hasil pengujian aktivitas antibakteri sampel madu hutan memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap bakteri S. aureus  dan P.acne, namun efek aktibakteri paling baik terhadap bakteri S.aureus, dimana pada konsentrasi terkecil, madu masih memberikan daya hambat pada bakteri S.aureus. Madu hutan mengandung metabolit sekunder dan  lebih berpotensi sebagai agen antibakteri terhadap bakteri S. aureus  dibandingkan dengan pada bakteri P. acne

Latar Belakang : Penyakit infeksi merupakan salah satu masalah kesehatan terbesar di dunia. Menurut WHO 2015 berdasarkan data YLL (Years Of Life Lost) di negara berkembang penyakit infeksi masih merupakan penyebab kematian utama. Staphylococcus adalah penyebab utama infeksi bernanah pada manusia yang terdapat di rongga hidung dan kulit sebagian besar populasi manusia. Salah satu Penyakit kulit yang disebabkan oleh bakteri Staphylococcus aureus adalah bisul. Staphylococcus aureus telah mengalami resistensi terhadap antibiotik. Maka dari itu alternatif yang dapat dilakukan adalah dengan cara menggunakan bahan alam atau tradisional yaitu dengan memanfaatkan kelopak bunga rosella (Hibiscus Sabdariffa L.). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui daya hambat ekstrak bunga rosella (Hibiscus Sabdariffa L.) terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri Staphylococcus aureus. Metode : Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian Deskriptif dengan empat perlakuan dengan variasi kosentrasi 70%, 75%, 80% dan 85% dengan menggunakan analisa data uji statistik Univariat.Hasil : Diameter zona hambat yang terbentukpada konsentrasi 70% sebesar 14.4 mm,konsentrasi 75% sebesar 15.7 mm, konsentrasi 80% sebesar 16.4 mm, konsentrasi 85% sebesar 19.6 mm.Kesimpulan :Ekstrak etanol kelopak bunga rosella (Hibiscus Sabdariffa L.) memiliki zat antimikroba yang dapat menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri staphylococcus aureus paling baik pada kosentrasi 85% dengan rerata zona hambat 19,6 mm dan di kategorikan kuat.

Background: Propionibacterium acnes includes gram-positive bacteria in the form of stems and normal skin flora that play a role in the occurrence of inflammation in acne. The prevalence of acne ranges from 47-90% during adolescence. African, American and Hispanic women have a prevalence of 37% and 32% while Asian women are 30%, Caucasian 24%, and India 23%. Leaves melinjo contain flavonoid compounds that function as antioxidants that will interfere with the metabolic functions of microorganisms such as bacteria. Purpose: This study aims to determine the effectiveness of melinjo leaf extract (Gnetum gnemon L) on the growth of bacteria Propionibacterium acnes, using design Descriptive. Data analysis using univariate analysis to know effectivity of leaf extract of melinjo to the growth of bacterium Propionibacterium acnes. Method: This study used melinjo leaf extract which was generated using 96% ethanol solvent. Results: The study showed that concentrations that could inhibit the growth of bacteria Propionibacterium acnes were at concentrations of 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10%. Inhibition zone diameter at 2.5% concentration of 6.13 mm, 5% concentration of 6.68 mm, 7.5% concentration of 7.92 mm and 10% concentration of 10.94 mm. It means the higher concentration of melinjo leaf extract hence the higher the resistance of bacteria Propionibacterium acnes. Conclusion: Further research is expected to carry out further tests with other concentrations and solvent extracts other than 96% ethanol or bacteria other than Propionibacterium acnes.

Background: Uncontrolled hair loss will cause baldness. Celery (Apium graveolens  L.) contains compounds apiin, apigenin, mannitol, inositol, asparagine, glutamine, choline, linamarose potassium and sodium. Apigenin is the main chemical content in celery which is known to have activity as a vasodilator that can stimulate hair growth. The purpose of the study was to determine the hair gel formula that had the best characteristics. The concentration variations used were 5%, 7.5% and 10%. This study uses experimental research methods. The activity starts from the preparation of the ethanol extract of dried celery, gel formualtion, and then evaluation of the preparation. The evaluation of the preparations included organoleptic tests, homogeneity, spreadability, pH, irritation, freeze thraw and the preference of the preparations by the respondents. The results showed that Formulas 1 (5%) and 2 (7.5%)  met the standard parameters of hair gel preparations, while formula 3 (10%) did not standardize the spreadability test. In the organoleptic test, it was seen that the higher the concentration of the extract used, the more concentrated the color of the preparation. However, the increase in extract concentration did not significantly affect the dispersion of the preparation. Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that Formula 1 (5%) has the best hair gel preparation characteristics compared to other formulas.

Gerga Orange (Citrus nobilis L. Var. RGL)  are the main commodity in Lebong Regency, Bengkulu Province. These oranges have been processed by the community into syrup preparations and from this activity produce waste in the form of fruit peels. Based on previous research, the peel of this citrus fruit is known to have antioxidant and antibacterial activity, so it can be used as a raw material in the manufacture of lotion preparations. The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of the three lotion formulations from the ethanolic extract of the gerga orange peel (Citrus nobilis L. Var. RGL) with various concentrations of 8% (F1), 10% (F2), 12% (F3). The method used is the experimental method. The results showed that the three formulations of lotion met the standard of good lotion. In the organoleptic test, there were differences in the color of the preparation, where the color became more concentrated as the concentration of the extract increased. In the homogeneity test, the three formulas showed good homogeneity until the 14th day of testing. The pH of the three formulas was also in accordance with the SNI 16-4399-1996 standard, namely 4.5-8. The three formulas also did not cause allergic reactions to 10 respondents. Based on the results of the research that has been done, it can be concluded that all formulas of the ethanol extract of the gerga orange peel (Citrus nobilis L. Var. RGL) with varying concentrations can be formulated as lotion preparations that are physically and organoleptically stable, as well as the standard of SNI 16-4399-1996 in terms of pH of the preparation and irritation test. Of the three formulas, formula 1 has an advantage over the other formulas because it has a less intense color, which makes it superior in appearance.  

Salah satu yang dapat digunakan sebagai bahan untuk membuat pomade adalah  kemiri (Aleurites moluccana  (L.)  Willd).  Kemiri memiliki  kandungan  zat  bermanfaat  seperti  saponin,  flavonoid, pelifenol dan fitosteron  berkhasiat untuk menyuburkan rambut, menghitamkan rambut secara alami. Berdasarkan hal diatas, maka peneliti tertarik untuk memformulasikan ekstrak etanol kemiri sebagai sediaan pomade. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk Mengetahui karakteristik formulasi sediaan pomade dengan variasi kosentrasi ekstrak etanol kemiri (Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd). Metode yang digunakan penelitian bersifat eksperimental untuk meneliti karakteristik sediaan   pomade dengan konsentrasi ekstrak kemiri 5%, 7,5% dan 10% dengan parameter uji organoleptis, homogenitas,daya sebar, pH, kadar abu, freeze-thaw, iritasi dan kesukaan. Hasil uji karakteristik sediaan pomade pada formula I, formula II dan formula III telah memenuhi Karakteristik uji organoleptis, homogenitas, pH, freez-thaw iritasi dan kesukaan. pada hasil uji daya sebar terdapat pada FIII yang memenuhi daya sebar yang baik sedangkan untuk FI, F0, dan FII tidak memenuhi syarat dan kadar abu semua formula diketahui  tidak  memenuhi  syarat.  dari  hasil  penelitian  sediaan  Pomade  Formula  III (kosentrasi 10 %) merupakan karakteristik paling baik. untuk peneliti selanjutnya disaran Melakukan penelitian membuat formulasi Sediaan pomade dengan variasi Basis lain.