Polyphenon 60 (PP60) from green tea has long been used as an antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial, and antimutagenic. Aim of the Study. To investigate tyrosinase inhibition-related kinetic mechanism and antimelanogenesis potential of PP60. Materials and Methods. The effect of PP60 on melanin and tyrosinase was evaluated in A375 melanoma cells and zebrafish embryos. The melanoma cells were treated with 20, 40, and 60 µg/mL of PP60, and tyrosinase expression was induced by using L-DOPA. The western blot method was used for the evaluation of tyrosinase expression. Cell lysates were prepared from treated and untreated cells for cellular tyrosinase and melanin quantification. Furthermore, zebrafish embryos were treated with 20, 40, and 60 µg/mL of PP60 and reference drug kojic acid for determination of depigmentation and melanin quantification. In vitro assays were also performed to examine the impact of PP60 on mushroom tyrosinase activity. To determine cytotoxicity, MTT was used against melanoma cell line A375. Results. PP60 showed good tyrosinase inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 0.697 ± 0.021 µg/mL as compared to kojic acid a reference drug with an IC50 value of 2.486 ± 0.085 µg/mL. Kinetic analysis revealed its mixed type of inhibition against mushroom tyrosinase. In addition, western blot analysis showed that at 60 µg/mL dose of PP60 significantly reduced L-DOPA-induced tyrosinase expression in melanoma cells. PP60 significantly inhibits the cellular tyrosinase ( p < 0.05 ) and reduces the melanin ( p < 0.05 ) contents of melanoma cells. Furthermore, PP60 was found to be very potent in significantly reducing the zebrafish embryos’ pigmentation ( p < 0.05 ) and melanin ( p < 0.05 ) content at the dose of 60 µg/mL. Conclusions. Our results demonstrate that PP60 has a strong potency to reduce pigmentation. It may be useful for the cosmetic industries to develop skin whitening agents with minimal toxic effects.
The current study focused on the laboratory approach in conjunction with computational methods for the synthesis and bioactivity assessment of unique 2-tetradecanoylimino-3-aryl-4-methyl-1,3-thiazolines (2a–2k). Processes included cyclizing 1-aroyl-3-arylthioureas with propan-2-one in the presence of trimethylamine and bromine. By using spectroscopic techniques and elemental analyses, structures were elucidated. To assess the electronic properties, density functional theory (DFT) calculations were made, while binding interactions of synthesized derivatives were studied by the molecular docking tool. Promising results were found during the evaluation of bioactivity of synthesized compounds against alkaline phosphatase. The drug likeliness score, an indicator used for any chemical entity posing as a drug, was within acceptable limits. The data suggested that most of the derivatives were potent inhibitors of alkaline phosphatase, which in turn may act as lead molecules to synthesize derivatives having desired pharmacological profiles for the treatment of specific diseases associated with abnormal levels of ALPs.
This research study was defined the infestation of mango by seasonality occurrence range of Bactrocera dorsalis in three different mango cultivars in sindh province of Pakistan during 2013-2014. Experiment was conducted on major three varieties of mango Chunsa, Sindhri, Beganpali, Data were noted on calculating in good physical shape and pest-ridden mango fruit; casually collected from major mango growing areas of sindh. Rearing the fruit flies under controlled conditions in Laboratory. Collected the reared fruit flies from different cultivars and calculate the infestation. The highest infestation was found on Beganpali and Sindhri variety 85%, followed by Chunsa 80% during June, July and August, respectively, during peak of functional time of ripening of varieties, while same as both years the least infestation was found on Beganpali variety during the June and July, because it is late variety during early months of season it is in immature form so because of that it is less infested, during whole season of mango the infestation was significantly different (F 54.05, df 52, p<0.5). The highest number of flies emergence were found from Beganpali (60.9%) followed by Sindhri variety (43.2%), while least No.of emergence found 6% from Sindhri variety (6%) during September. Ratio of fruit flies like B. dorsalis 54.7%, from Beganpali, followed by Sindhri variety 41.6% (F 53.24; dF 51, 108; p=0.29) during mean functional time of season. While less no. of B. dorsalis were 3% in September. The fecundity and fertility results were in significant in all varieties. The occurrence of B. dorsalis in whole season 94% which shows the seasonality range of oriental fruit fly and major host mango. The highest survival 89.64% was found on Chunsa followed by Sindhri 87.17 and Beganpali 70.36%, these result clearly indicate the range of B. dorsalis in all cultivars of mango which is significantly different (p<0.005).The adult occurrence during whole mango season shows the linear-correlation between interval of time of host and pest occurrence, The overtone between mango fruit and oriental fruit fly was strongly associated [R2 = 79.9%, P = 0.000]. Linking between host mango and B. dorsalis showed durable maintenance for the host-pest guess (HPH) with inclusive co-efficient of determination [75.4%, P = 0.000]. It was determined that the incidence of oriental fruit fly or other Bactrocera species was recorded in all the three cultivars throughout their fruity mango season; it was considered as life-threatening for management host fruit.Novelty Statement | This study makes it abundantly evident how the host fruit (mango), which is alarmingly vulnerable to fruit flies due to its seasonality, is the next fruit variety. However, as mango season comes to a close, some populations of Bactrocera species rapidly decline since there is a lack of host food and they are attempting to oviposit.
Seasonal variation in abundance and diversity of carabid fauna was studied in eight different localities of coastal areas of Sindh during august 2018-July 2019. Individuals were trapped using soil traps and light traps. A total 1303 ground beetles of 4 subfamilies 8 genera 12 species. The individuals of subfamily Harpalini were higher 508 followed by Carabinae 462 while least number of subfamily Brachinae 130 followed by Lebinae with 157 was recorded. Among these three most abundant species, Calosoma aurapunctuatum, Calosoma scyophantum and anthia Sexuamatta and least abundant Mecyclothorax cordicolis were recorded. The abundance of Carabidofauna differed with seasonal fluctuations. The highest population was recorded in summer season followed by spring, whereas least abundance was observed in winter. Monthly population dynamics showed that Carabid beetles were highest in number in the months of June, July followed by August and September while least population was recorded in February followed by January and December. The maximum average population size and Simpson reciprocal index was found at Sujawal (29.7%) and Thatta (9.74) respectively, and lowest both average population size and Simpson reciprocal diversity index for Karachi locality (11.4%) and (5.73). Pearson Correlation coefficient (r) analysis showed strong positive and significant relationship of carabid beetles abundance with humidity, temperature and rainfall, (r= 0.65, p=0.02), (r=.810, p=.0001) and (r=0.65, p=0.02) respectively. Locality wise average population size, evenness and diversity indexes were calculated, and highest population was recorded in concern with high relative humidity and temperature in the locality.
ABSTRACT. Carpocoris pudicus Poda (1761) are small sized stink bugs belonging to order Heteroptera. (Carpocorini). The species first time collected in Hyderabad Sindh during 2015. The Carpocoris Pudicus causes a remarkable loss to different crops and weed leaves and seeds i.e., vegetables and crops were tomatoes, coriander, wheat, rice, maize, pulses, and weeds. A total of 191 individuals 67 males and 124 females were collected from four localities of Hyderabad region. The Body ochreous colour, with stripes on head, pronotum, scutellum and stripped connexiva. The species is redescribed on the basis of morphological characters, especially colour, shape of head, pronotum, scutellum, antennal segments, and internal male genitalia (Pygophore, paramere and aedeagus) and female genitalia (terminalia and spermatheca). A general description of C. pudicus is also given. The species of Carpocorini (stink bugs) is new record of Hyderabad region.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.