: The food industry is constantly shifting focus based on prebiotics as health-promoting substrates rather than just food supplements. A prebiotic is ‘‘a selectively fermented ingredient that allows specific changes, both in the composition and/or activity in the gastrointestinal microflora that confers benefits upon host well-being and health.” Prebiotics exert a plethora of health-promoting effects, which has lead to the establishment of multimillion food and pharma industries. The following are the health benefits attributed to prebiotics: mineral absorption, better immune response, increased resistance to bacterial infection, improved lipid metabolism, possible protection against cancer, relief from poor digestion of lactose, and reduction in the risk of diseases such as intestinal disease, non-insulin dependent diabetes, obesity and allergy. Numerous studies in both animals and humans have demonstrated the health benefits of prebiotics.
The enzyme β-galactosidase (β-gal) has extensively used for improvement of lactose intolerance condition. Present study, was designed to assess the potential of β-gal enzyme produced by Lactobacillus fermentum, a kefir isolate, as a biocatalyst for the manufacture of prebiotic galactooligosaccharides (GOS) from lactose. The efficiency of L. fermentum to produce β-gal of 4,254 u/ml was determined by permeabilizing the cells with solvents such as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and chloroform. Different parameters contributing β-gal production including reaction time, temperature, pH, carbohydrates, and substrate concentration on L. fermentum were studied and optimum β-gal activity was found to be 6,232.13 u/ml. It was observed that different experimental parameters for pH (7.0), temperature (35°C), and carbohydrates (galactose) were statistically significant (p<0.05). L. fermentum was found to produce GOS by transgalactosylation catalysed by β-gal during lactose hydrolysis which yielded di, tri, and tetra oligosaccharides, confirmed by TLC and HPLC. The culture showed β-gal activity, suggesting biotechnological applications and a promising organism for industrial β-gal production.
In aquaculture, probiotics are widely used for preventing the diseases. Probiotics are live beneficial bacteria that are ingested into the gastrointestinal tract through food or water or any dietary supplement to boost immunity and internal microbial resistance. Several experimental studies have been undertaken on the effect of probiotics on the immune system of diverse aquatic animals, as well as the mechanism involved to control the harmful pathogens. As a result, the current study aims to conduct a systematic review to update the findings related to specific immunological markers. Relevant studies from PubMed, EMBASE, and Google Scholar were systematically searched until the latest issue. Experimental studies written in the English language were included in the review. The main outcome was to identify the insightful outcome about the impact of probiotics. Systemic review was performed for 12 studies. The SYRCL’S risk of bias tool for the animal study was also used to evaluate the quality of the included studies. In conclusion, the results of the current review study summarize that probiotic could boost the immune system of aquatic animals by increasing plasma immunoglobulin, cytokines, plasma lysozyme, respiratory burst, peroxidase, phagocytosis, and alternative complement activities.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
customersupport@researchsolutions.com
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.